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My real nightmare about GLP -1s is

that we end up in a world where we cease to pay attention to the cause of the problem,

which is the various reasons that people are struggling with obesity in the first place.

It's like in the supermarket aisle, you can go down one aisle in the supermarket

and there are other companies selling all these foods that are really bad for us.

And then the same companies in the next aisle are selling us the weight loss products

that deal with the problem that they caused in the other aisle.

GLP -1s have evolved from a treatment of type 2 diabetes into drugs for weight management, leading to a surge in usage,

and evidence of promise against a range of other health issues.

But given how new these drugs are to the market,

medical professionals are only now starting to figure out who should and should not be using them, considering downstream risks like muscle loss,

which can particularly impact the elderly.

They also raise the question, do we lose anything when we allow taking a pill to become a substitute for lasting lifestyle changes?

Welcome to Harvard Thinking, a podcast where the life of the mind meets everyday life.

Today, I'm joined by...

Caroline Apovian.

I am an obesity medicine specialist, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

She's also the co -inaugural director of the integrated

Mass General Brigham Center for Weight Management and Wellness.

Then...

Daniel Lieberman.

I'm a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University.

He's also a best -selling author and recently published

Fed Up, What Evolution Reveals About Food, Diet, Health, and Eating Well. And finally...

Dr. Fatima Cody -Stanford.

I'm an obesity medicine physician -scientist at Mass General Brigham.

She's also an associate professor of medicine and pediatrics at Harvard Medical School.

And I'm your host, Samantha Leine -Perfos.

I'm a writer for the Harvard Gazette.

Today, we'll talk about GLP -1s and why we should be excited about their potential and also cautious.

And a quick note, Caroline Apovian and Fatima Cody Stanford have worked with pharmaceutical companies, including makers of GLP -1s.

Caroline worked as a former consultant and Fatima as a current consultant.

Fatima has also received industry funding for her research.

What is so magical about this category of drug?

The word magical is a very interesting word to use.

We call these drugs game changers because of their robust effects on health and in particular on first,

you're right, type 2 diabetes and now obesity.

And obesity affects 42 % of the United States population.

Fatima Cody Stanford was instrumental in getting organizations to distinguish obesity to be a disease and not a matter of willpower.

And once that happened, the race was on to develop these drugs for use in obesity.

And the reason why they're considered magical is because for the first time in many people's lives,

they take a GLP -1 and suddenly, as they say, the food noise is gone.

They eat, they're full, they feel like eating healthy food, and they feel like exercising.

We never had anything like this before to treat obesity except for metabolic bariatric surgery.

So I actually push back a little bit on the terms game changer or magical.

I do think that they have definitely created an inflection point in how we think about this disease process.

Their potency has changed how the world sees

or approaches this disease process due to the fact

that we're looking at a total body weight change of either 15 % or 22%, or if we're looking at the triple agonists,

you know, getting to closer to 30 % total body weight loss.

And so when we look at these,

people in the world are beginning to realize that this disease process is beyond this idea of willpower and self -control,

that there is actual biology behind this disease.

It's not just, oh, eat less and exercise more.

And so I think this inflection point of really thinking about this from a disease process,

while we can go back to the AMA declaration in 2013 or the World Medical Association, which just happened in 2025,

it's when people start to become acclimated to the utilization of these medications and say, wait a minute, I do feel different.

Wait a minute, I am making different choices.

Wait a minute, these choices are influencing the way I interact with the world around me.

That they begin to think, wait a minute, it must be something in the biology of me,

and how my biology may differ from those around me.

And that was what really got the conversation moving in a different direction, outside of the typical status quo conversation.

If I can just add to that from an evolutionary perspective, I want to remind us all that we never evolved to lose weight.

We're an interesting species.

Human beings have a lot more body fat than most other mammals.

Most mammals rarely have more than about 5 % body fat, but in our evolutionary history,

we evolved to put on a lot more fat because it's really important for feeding our brains, for our reproductive system, for all kinds of reasons.

You know, in the past, it was extremely rare that anybody could gain extra weight, And we never evolved adaptations to lose it.

And instead, the key adaptations that we have are hunger and appetite, right?

So when we lose weight, we go into what we call negative energy balance.

We turn on a whole suite of signaling molecules, hormones, that signal to our brain that we're losing weight and make us hungry.

And that's why it's been so hard for so many people for so long to lose weight,

because they're fighting against millions of years of really deep and fundamental adaptations.

And all of a sudden, for the first time, we've got this drug that can turn off some of those adaptations.

From an evolutionary perspective, this is really quite astonishing.

The reason why I think these are game changers for the field of obesity medicine is because these are not drugs, right?

These are analogs of the hormones that the body makes when you eat food.

They have numerous effects on other organs, including the brain.

So I'd love to know from you, Dan, what you think about this evolutionary process

and using these naturally occurring hormones to then counteract what we've done to the environment.

Because it can't be purely genetic because our genes have evolved over millions of years and not over 50 or 100 years.

And so what is it about the environment?

Is it the ultra processed food?

Is it just the fact

that we've got all kinds of ways to throw down 3 ,000 calories by rolling down our window at fast food restaurants?

Look, everything about our bodies is an interaction between our genes and our environment.

Everything, right?

And this is no exception.

But as you say, our genes haven't changed that much in the last few generations.

But in my lifetime, the percentage of Americans with obesity has quadrupled.

So obviously it's not because some genes for weight gain have suddenly swept through the population in the last generation or two.

But it is true that some people have more proclivity than others.

But the other thing is that, of course, there are many factors that affect weight gain.

Your microbiome is one of them.

Your metabolism.

People differ in their metabolic rates.

Physical activity has some effect, particularly for weight gain prevention, not so much for weight loss.

We could go on for all the various factors, but nobody doubts that the one thing that's changed the most, of course, is our food.

When we walk into a supermarket here in Boston, the average supermarket here has 40 ,000 different kinds of food.

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40 ,000 different kinds of food.

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And something between 50 and 70, depending upon your definition, are ultra -processed.

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These are foods where the fiber has been removed, sugar and fat has been added, they've been made hyperpalatable.

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They've got all kinds of tricks and gimmicks to make us eat more.

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So there is an association, unquestionably, between the proliferation of processed foods and weight gain.

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And here's the thing, most of us, once we gain the weight, because of those adaptations, our bodies then reach a new set point.

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We now call it a settling point because for reasons that I don't think any of us understand,

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your body fights to put you back at the previous weight, not necessarily your original weight.

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But then one of the things that I want to bring up, particularly as we think about this from an evolutionary perspective,

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is I want to think about the group that happens to carry the highest weight, particularly within the U .S population,

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which happens to be Black women.

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I want to take us back to our period of enslavement.

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And if we really look at when Black women started to accumulate great levels of adiposity,

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it was actually during our periods of enslavement, which is very interesting.

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Because during the period of enslavement, we didn't have ultra -processed foods.

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There was high levels of physical activity.

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But what we don't account for during that timeframe, which really sets us up for the high levels of obesity within this population,

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the group that I represent, is the allostatic load and stress that started to occur for that population at that time.

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I think we have to recognize that early predisposition to obesity within the population

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that carries the highest burden here in the United States now, and when it started for us,

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and then bring it over to the high burden that then exists, and particularly think about it now in the context of what we see.

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Yeah.

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I completely agree.

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To add to that list, I should have mentioned stress, chronic stress, for example, which is of course a function of socioeconomic status and racism.

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There are epigenetic effects.

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So yeah, I 100 % agree with you.

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This is a multifactorial problem.

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There's no question that our food supply is a major one, but it's not the only one.

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One thing about food that I did want to ask about was this idea of food noise.

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What does that mean?

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And what is it about GLP -1s that are affecting it?

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For people that have food noise, they are constantly thinking about food.

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It doesn't matter if it's ultra processed, it doesn't matter if it's not.

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They have this constant desire to want to eat.

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And for those that are responders to GOP -1s, when they go on something like a GOP -1,

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they say they no longer think about eating in the way that they did before.

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So that volume that might be really high, you turn that down and they're like, wait a minute, I'm not thinking about food.

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I actually forgot to eat breakfast, lunch, and wait a minute, it's dinner time.

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I turned down the volume.

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So this thinking about food, it's no longer a focal point.

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For some people, not everyone, GLP -1s also reduce other kinds of noise, other forms of addiction for people who have issues with,

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say, tobacco or certain pharmaceuticals or alcohol.

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And so there's something just really quite extraordinary about this hormone and its multiple effects.

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And because you have to remember that hormones evolved to do multiple things,

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but I like to think of hormones really as allocators of investment and energy.

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And this is a hormone that's basically telling the body to turn down stuff.

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We have hormones that turn things up and hormones that turn things down.

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It's a very crude simplification.

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But what's amazing is that GOP1s normally in human beings, they have very short action.

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And the real turning point for this was

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that they used essentially the GLP -1 of a lizard that eats only once every three weeks or something.

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I can't remember the Gila monster.

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And that has a much longer acting effect than the human version.

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And now we're finding out all kinds of fascinating things about this hormone.

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So one thing I want to talk about too is that the usage for these drugs has increased significantly.

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Secondly, I think as of last year, one in eight American adults was using GLP -1s for weight loss.

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Dan, you have been vocal about some of your skepticisms with GLP -1s.

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I would love to hear some of the concerns and or limitations that we are seeing.

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I'm not skeptical.

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So I have two concerns really that are overriding.

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The first is that the evidence is that a lot of people on GLP -1s are losing a lot of muscle mass.

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As with bariatric surgery, where you have very extreme weight loss, people can lose something like 20, 30, even more percent of their body weight.

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And a large percentage of that, maybe up to 30 percent of that can be fat -free mass.

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So we're not talking about body fat.

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We're talking about other tissues.

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And some of that's muscle.

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And one of the big issues for aging in the United States is sarcopenia, which is age -related muscle loss.

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And so it's not a skepticism, but it's a concern that individuals who are on GLP -1s losing a lot of weight,

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if they don't include some degree of strength training, they could be at greater risk for age -related muscle loss for sarcopenia.

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And that's really concerning because that becomes a kind of vicious cycle.

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Once you get very frail, you become less physically active, you become even less active.

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I can speak from personal experience with my parents.

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It's a really challenging thing to watch.

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My other concern, of course, is that a lot of people, and Caroline and Fatima will know the data better than I,

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but there's a fairly high quit rate for these drugs.

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I think the latest study I saw, and I'm sure there's better data now,

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was that over 50 % of people are quitting it between one and two years.

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And then the other concern is what happens when they quit, right?

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Are they gaining weight back?

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But you guys know more about this than I do.

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Yeah, these are two big areas, Dan.

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The muscle loss concept is very much debated.

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First of all, when you lose any kind of weight by any means, you're right, bariatric surgery, drugs,

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diet, and exercise, you don't lose just fat, right?

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Because if you have obesity, there's extra muscle to hold everything together.

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And the Krebs cycle metabolism, you need amino acids to burn energy.

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So you can't just lose fat.

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There is always a certain percent that is muscle.

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And you really can't go below losing 20, 25 percent of the total as muscle.

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So that's physiology.

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Yes, there are people who lose more, 30 or 40 percent.

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We think it may have to do with the rapidity of the weight loss if they're not eating enough protein.

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And yes, if they're not doing strength training.

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But I think that the largest concern about muscle mass should be with the older population.

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The older population is already losing muscle mass, something like 1 % per year after the age of 40 or 50.

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And yes, those people on GLP -1s

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or after bariatric surgery may lose more muscle mass and develop dysfunction and frailty and sarcopenia and also bone loss.

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So that's a valid concern.

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And we've already had people in the older population losing 40 pounds on Wagovi

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and then falling and fracturing their tibfib because it was fragile.

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I definitely think that the muscle loss piece is by far more germane to those that are older adults, and particularly with the new

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Medicare Bridge program that's just come into place, right?

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So for those who are unaware, Medicare has decided to start covering these medications for individuals with obesity as of July 1st,

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which means that there's going to be a sizable percentage of the population that now have access to these drugs.

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The program appears to be in place from July 1st of 2026 through December 31st of 2027,

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We have no idea what's going to happen after that.

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But a sizable percentage of the population, particularly those that are 65 plus, will gain access.

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Now, we also know that population has a higher tendency to have issues like sarcopenia.

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And we do need to think about protein and muscle retention during that population.

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And so this is what I really like to emphasize with my patients.

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And this is how I bring them into the conversation, regardless of age.

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I say in our 20s and 30s, I like to think of a one -to -one ratio of cardio to strength.

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So 30 minutes of strength for 30 minutes of cardio.

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When we get into our 40s and 50s where I exist in that middle age range,

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I think of it as a two to one strength to cardio ratio.

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So for every 60 minutes of strength, 30 minutes of cardio.

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In our 60s and 70s, I like to think of a three to one strength to cardio ratio.

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So for every 90 minutes of strength, we should have 30 minutes of cardio.

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And if we get into our 80s and 90s, I like to think of it as a four to one strength to cardio ratio.

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So for every 120 minutes of strength training, 30 minutes of cardio.

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Now, tell me how many people actually do that.

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Zero own.

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Exactly.

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Unless you're me, right?

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And so this is what I emphasize with my patients.

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And when they're getting that mantra, they begin to realize the importance of strength training,

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because we've been fed this idea that it's cardio, cardio, cardio, cardio, cardio.

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But if you're really strength training in the way that we're talking about it, you are getting that heart health benefit from doing the strength training.

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Now, moving into your second piece, which is how people pull back the utilization.

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So 50 % discontinuation of GOP -1s.

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The number one reason for the discontinuation is cost, access.

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But what we've seen, and I will use Massachusetts as a case in point for discontinuation for these medications.

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Up until January 1st of 2026, Massachusetts had the best utilization and coverage for GOP -1 receptor agonists.

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If we look at employer -sponsored insurance, here in Massachusetts, the big four are Mass General Brigham,

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Harvard Pilgrim, Tufts, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts or New England.

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All of these insurers were covering GOP -1s for patients with overweight and obesity.

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But as of January 1st, pulled back coverage for this patient population.

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What happened was our patient populations got pulled off of these medications.

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Now, for persons that are high -income earners, they were able to retain utilization of these medications.

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Price point between $300 and $450 a month out -of -pocket price.

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But if you're a high -income earner, that's not too much for you.

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If you're not a high -income earner, it's a lot.

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That's a very important point.

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I just saw a patient virtually because he weighs 625 pounds.

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But he did weigh 725 pounds,

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and he lost 100 pounds getting ready for bariatric surgery with ZepBound.

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He lost 100 pounds on the top dose of ZepBound.

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And then in July, it got pulled.

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He is now gaining weight.

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And I just messaged the surgeon and said, you better get him to surgery now because he's going to gain that weight back.

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You got to get him to surgery now.

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This is the segment of the population, BMI over 60, still rising exponentially in the United States and probably worldwide.

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So what are we going to do about this weight regain?

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It's causing a lot of oxidative stress,

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especially as you gain it rapidly so that food noise comes back very aggressively,

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especially if you've lost 100 pounds and you suddenly stop the GLP -1, you suddenly think that you're starving to death.

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My other concern about GLP -1s is about prevention and really goes back to what we started off talking about,

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which is that, so I have this term I apologize for, which I created, called disevolution.

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When we treat the symptoms rather than the causes of a mismatched problem.

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Then we just keep the cycle going.

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My real nightmare about GOP -1s is

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that we end up in a world where we cease to pay attention to the cause of the problem,

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which is the various reasons that people are struggling with obesity in the first place.

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It's like in the supermarket aisle, you can go down one aisle in the supermarket

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and there are other companies selling all these foods that are really bad for us.

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And then the same companies in the next aisle are selling us the weight loss products

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that deal with the problem that they caused in the other aisle.

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Ultimately, what we should all really want to do is prevent this problem from happening in the first place.

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That got to another question that I wanted to ask all of you.

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It is amazing that these medications are able to so effectively help people.

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And also, what happens when it becomes a substitute for the lifestyle change that needs to happen?

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I don't think it's a substitute for the lifestyle changes.

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So by the time the patients get to us, these patients have tried and failed, or that lifestyle has tried and failed them.

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They can list 25 to 30 different programs that they've tried and failed.

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It's like the biggest loser concept.

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It worked for a short period of time, and then it didn't work, and their bodies came back.

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And so then they're coming to us because they're like, okay, look, I've tried all these things.

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And so let's say they go on these medications, and they're like, oh, wait a minute, this works.

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Now they can actually go work out they are feeling good about themselves going to the gym

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and seeing the results pay off while they're on the medications.

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Because as Dan mentioned, if it pulls back, they're regaining.

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And then they're feeling lack of confidence.

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Their self -worth and self -esteem unfortunately deteriorates because they're like, here I am.

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I finally got to the quote unquote promised land and it was snatched from me.

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I always say nobody wants to have obesity.

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If diet and exercise worked and they wouldn't be stigmatized walking down the street because they have obesity.

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They would have done it.

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We have a disease.

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GLP -1s are not removing the cause of the problem,

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but what it is doing is it is reducing the body weight set point.

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I fully agree with you two, but I do want to ask you about children.

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So as I'm sure you both know, there are very scary statistics about the percentage of teenagers in the United States who are classified with obesity.

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It's somewhere between 20 and 30%, depending upon which study you believe in.

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Should we be giving GLP -1s to those kids?

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Me, my concern is how do we prevent those kids from getting into that problem in the first place?

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Okay, so I treat the full age spectrum.

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My patients go from two to 90 plus.

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And I think about who are the pediatric patients who actually end up in my clinic.

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It's usually the children of my patients.

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So how do I prevent this?

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If I can get the patients modified preconception, I have a higher likelihood of having children that have a lesser likelihood of obesity.

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The best study was a study that came out in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism back in 2009,

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which demonstrated that children born to mothers

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that undergone bariatric surgery had a three -fold decrease in likelihood of obesity in the mother after she had undergone surgical intervention.

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So if we can modify the weight status of the parent's preconception, we can modify the children's weight status.

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Let's come back to the question you specifically asked.

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Do we utilize these medications in children and how does that work?

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I do treat patients as young as 12 with GLP -1 receptor agonists.

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What I have found in treating these patients, first of all, when I get pediatric patients,

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I find that they actually have health status that's much worse than my adult patients.

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Their cholesterol is much worse.

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Their liver function tests are much worse.

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Their hemoglobin A1c, which is their blood sugar, is much worse.

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What I also find when using these medications is

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that they usually respond much better than my adult patients to the therapy when given to them.

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That gives them a likelihood of having a much better life

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moving forward than I did prior to the advent of these medications.

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So I see these patients go from looking down in my visit, not actually making direct eye contact because their self -esteem,

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their value, their self -worth is so tied into their weight, to making eye contact, having an improvement of their cardiometabolic health,

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and allowing them to move forward into adulthood with a better life.

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When we talk about GLP -1s, obviously they're so new.

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We're still figuring out so many things.

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What do you feel we are not talking about enough?

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or what are things that we really should be focusing on as an area of further research?

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I think that GLP -1's just created this explosion in social media, and in research, and in the medical community.

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And I think what we're not talking about adequately enough is who are they for?

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The protocols are not in yet.

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We're writing guidelines with the ADA, but we're not categorizing patients.

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I think the highest risk patients should be getting our more potent drugs and be considered for metabolic surgery.

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The BMI is not an adequate measure of body fat.

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We still don't have the right tools to measure who is at risk.

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And social media now is on a rampage which compounded GLP -1s that people are taking to lose 10 pounds.

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If you take a GLP -1 to lose 10 pounds, you don't have the disease of obesity.

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Are you setting yourself up?

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for stopping the medication, gaining even more weight back, and developing a problem that you didn't have in the first place.

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So if you're going to take a GLP -1 just to lose 10 pounds so you can look good in your dress,

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you should not be taking a GLP -1.

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It's not for you.

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I think one of the key things that we're not talking about are the potential use case scenarios for GLP -1s.

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What we do know is we have GLP -1s were initially approved for type 2 diabetes, and then we moved into obesity and obstructive sleep apnea.

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But we're going to continue to see different use case scenarios for these medications.

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And there's a variety of research interests

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that move outside of the space of cardiometabolic health into looking at rheumatologic conditions like gout and rheumatoid arthritis.

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We're looking at disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism and things of that sort.

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And so as we begin to see this blossoming of research,

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I think it's going to be interesting to see just really how these medications begin to explode beyond the cardiometabolic use,

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and then how the dosing structure will change to accommodate these potential use case scenarios as we move forward.

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My thing that I really hope we can use GLP Wands to talk more about is

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that there really are game changers for treatment.

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There's no question about that.

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But they're not game changers for prevention.

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Wouldn't the best world be where you didn't have to use these in the first place?

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The fact of the matter is we do, and we should, and they are helping a lot of people,

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and we'll find out better ways to use them and maybe other adjuvants that can help us use them better.

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But hopefully we can leverage the opportunities that GLP -1s are giving us for treatment to also think more about prevention.

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Thank you all for joining me for this conversation.

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My pleasure.

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Thank you.

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It's been a pleasure speaking to everyone.

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Thanks for listening.

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For a transcript of this episode and our other episodes, visit harvard .edu slash thinking.

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If you liked this episode, rate and review us on Apple or Spotify, or like us on YouTube.

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It helps others find us.

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This episode was hosted and produced by me, Samantha Lainey -Perfos.

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It was edited by Ryan Mulcahy, Paul Mekishima, and Sarah Lamade.

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Original music and sound design by Noel Flatt.

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Produced by Harvard University.

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このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Harvard Thinking: Who should take GLP-1s?」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Glp, weight, obesity, patient。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が252文、単語が4750語あります。音声の長さは27:36です。話す速さは1分あたり約172語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
obesity 名詞	/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/	肥満, 肥大
muscle 名詞	/ˈmʌs.əl/	筋肉, 筋
hormone 名詞	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	ホルモン
aisle 名詞	/aɪ̯l/	通路
supermarket 名詞	/ˌsupɚˈmɑɹkət/	スーパーマーケット, スーパー
percentage 名詞	/pə(ɹ)ˈsɛntɪd͡ʒ/	百分率, 百分比
ratio 名詞	/ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/	比
gene 名詞	/d͡ʒiːn/	遺伝子
lifestyle 名詞	/ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/	ライフスタイル, 生活様式
prevention 名詞	/pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/	予防
biology 名詞	/baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	生物学
magical 形容詞	/ˈmæd͡ʒ.ɪ.kəl/	魔法の
likelihood 名詞	/ˈlaɪklihʊd/	可能性
scenario 名詞	/sɪˈnɛəɹioʊ/	脚本, 台本
diabetes 名詞	/ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/	糖尿病

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
come back 動詞	戻る, 帰る
find out 動詞	見出す, 調べる
go down 動詞	降りる, 降下する
turn down 動詞	断る
bring up 動詞	育てる
pay off 動詞	報われる
turn off 動詞	消す, 切る

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have evolved · have worked · has also received
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	has been removed · we've been fed · is cost
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	enslavement, which is · example, which is · people who have

注意したい発音

話し手はthey're, we're, I'mなど、短縮形や弱形を82回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: medication /mɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, medication /mɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, supermarket /ˌsupɚˈmɑɹkət/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, ultra /ˈʌltɹə/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, regardless /ɹɪˈɡɑɹd.lɪs/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, evolve /ɪˈvɑlv/, prevention /pɹɪˈvɛnʃən/, everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, valid /ˈvælɪd/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: lifestyle /ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/, modify /ˈmɑ.dɪˌfaɪ/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, differ /ˈdɪfɚ/, emphasize /ˈɛm.fə.saɪz/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。obesity, muscle, hormoneなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Harvard Thinking: Who should take GLP-1s? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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