シャドーイング練習: How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Gonna talk a little bit about how to use writing and why you should use writing to improve your thinking.
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So I would credit much of the success I've had to
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whatever extent I've had success to learning how to write and to practicing writing.
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And the reason for that is
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that without writing it's very hard to freeze your thinking on paper so that you can sharpen it, so that you can see where,
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for instance, using words that aren't well -defined, where you're saying things that don't need to be said all of this will help everything else.
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I remember in college, for instance, when I took a class with John McPhee, an incredibly gifted writer and teacher, all of my grades in every other class went up
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because every extraneous bit of information that was hurting instead of helping me was taken out.
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So to sharpen the saw, a couple of different approaches.
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Number one is write anything, anything whatsoever stream of consciousness essay doesn't really matter let's just
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call it one to three pages something along the lines of morning pages
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and Julia Cameron the artists way popularized this
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and there are a number of folks like Brian Koppelman very
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well known writer screenwriter co -creator of the show billions swears by morning pages
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so that is an easy way to ease into the practice of just moving a pen I recommend freehand
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so that you can see your thinking on paper that accomplishes two things.
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Number one, it takes the anxieties and nebulous worries in your head, puts them down in a freeze frame so
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that you can kind of trap them in the printed form so you can get on with the rest of your day.
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The second thing it does is it allows you to see where you are sharp
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and where you are dull in your thinking.
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Now if you are drafting as I do for instance right now once a week writing, if you are looking for a proofreader and you do need a proofreader, if you can't find a professional writer
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because we can't all find professional writers talk to friends who have any type of legal training
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or you could even hire a lawyer to do this
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or a paralegal someone with a law degree they are trained to look at language very very carefully
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because in a dispute in a negotiation
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and a disagreement arbitration it's gonna come down to the wording of contracts
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and I have found that
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when I do not have access to professional writers it is oftentimes just as good
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or even better to get lawyers or people with legal training to read my writing.
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So that would be a workaround that I accidentally discovered that is very powerful.
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A few things to keep in mind when you are then doing revisions, because writing is in fact rewriting.
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You're gonna vomit out your first one or two pages, and my mantra of sorts, which I borrowed from someone else who is a career ghost writer, is two crappy pages.
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Two crappy pages per day.
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And very often you're going to exceed that and then write more
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but so that you set the game up in a way
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that is winnable two crappy pages is your minimum
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and it can be just brain vomit it can be worthless
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but you gotta get two pages all right once you have
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those two pages you can approach revision in a few different ways
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and you can revise yourself say in three rounds like my friend Neil Strauss who I think has seven
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or eight New York Times best -selling books at this point when he He does his first edit, he edits for himself, all right?
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So he's editing just for his pleasure, for his enjoyment, for what he thinks is good.
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Then the second round of edits, he will edit for his fans, the people he thinks will really love this material.
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The third round is for the critics, the people who try to tear it apart to find little niggly points that they could twist and so on.
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And that can be a helpful framework for revising.
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What I do with proofreaders, and you You can do this also with people who are not trained writers at all, and in fact you should have some lay people,
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so to speak, people who are not writers as a craft.
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Very simply, what I will ask people to do is read and highlight anything, this could be in a Google Doc, a Word doc on paper, that is confusing.
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People can like what you write, they can dislike it, they can love it, they can hate it, but it should not confuse anybody.
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All right, so the first thing I will do is I'll ask people, just highlight anything that is confusing
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or unclear all right that's that's step one anyone can do
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that the next is if you notice your mind wandering
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while you're reading this please note that all right so
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if something is slow
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and maybe it can be taken out note where your mind starts wandering all right the dictum there is
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when in doubt take it out just be like I don't know
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if I should take I don't know if I should keep this
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or not take it out at least as an experiment the other Another question that I pose to proofreaders, because you can train people to be very good proofreaders,
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is the 10 % rule, and it's not really a rule, but a guideline that I like to use.
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So I'll say, please indicate the 10 % I should keep no matter what.
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If there is 10 % that I should keep no matter what, what is the strongest 10 % like if there's 10 % I have to keep, please indicate that.
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And if I had to cut 10 % or even 20 % in some cases, I'll ask people, please indicate what you would cut if you had to cut something,
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even if this is an essay or a blog post that is a page or two long.
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And what you'll find if you approach writing systematically in this way and revision systematically in this way is your cognition,
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your analysis, your awareness of how you use words,
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how you use explanation, how you use questions will become so much sharper that it will transcend
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this type of exercise and begin to positively affect just about everything in your life.
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So for fulfillment, for excitement, for professional success, for personal success,
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I find writing to be arguably the most important practice.
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Good luck.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：page, writing, writer, proofreader, edit。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が71文、単語が1105語あります。 音声の長さは5:51です。 話す速さは速く、1分あたり約189語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。 単語の84%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| edit 動詞 | /ˈɛdɪt/ | 編集する |
| indicate 動詞 | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | 示す, 指す |
| revision 名詞 | /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/ | 復習 |
| confuse 動詞 | /kənˈfjuːz/ | 混乱させる |
| sharp 形容詞 | /ʃɑɹp/ | 鋭い, 鋭利な |
| essay 名詞 | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | エッセイ, 随筆 |
| highlight 動詞 | /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/ | ハイライト |
| freeze 動詞 | /ˈfɹiːz/ | 凍る |
| wander 動詞 | /ˈwɑndɚ/ | ぶらつく, さ迷う |
| vomit 動詞 | /ˈvɑmɪt/ | 吐く, 嘔吐する |
| extent 名詞 | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | 程度 |
| carefully 副詞 | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | じっくり, 慎重に |
| anxiety 名詞 | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | 心配, 不安 |
| awareness 名詞 | /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/ | 意識 |
| explanation 名詞 | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | 説明 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| take out 動詞 | 取り出す |
| go up 動詞 | 上がる, 登る |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | be said · was taken · are trained |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | friends who have · people who try · people who are |
注意したい発音
話し手はyou're, don't, gonnaなど、短縮形や弱形を21回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: systematically /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, arguably /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/, paralegal /ˌpɛɹəˈliɡ(ə)l/
- /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, vomit /ˈvɑmɪt/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, whatsoever /ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/, positively /ˈpɑ.zɪ.tɪv.li/
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, define /dɪˈfaɪn/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。edit, indicate, revisionなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。