تدريب Shadowing: How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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Gonna talk a little bit about how to use writing and why you should use writing to improve your thinking.
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So I would credit much of the success I've had to
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whatever extent I've had success to learning how to write and to practicing writing.
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And the reason for that is
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that without writing it's very hard to freeze your thinking on paper so that you can sharpen it, so that you can see where,
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for instance, using words that aren't well -defined, where you're saying things that don't need to be said all of this will help everything else.
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I remember in college, for instance, when I took a class with John McPhee, an incredibly gifted writer and teacher, all of my grades in every other class went up
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because every extraneous bit of information that was hurting instead of helping me was taken out.
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So to sharpen the saw, a couple of different approaches.
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Number one is write anything, anything whatsoever stream of consciousness essay doesn't really matter let's just
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call it one to three pages something along the lines of morning pages
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and Julia Cameron the artists way popularized this
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and there are a number of folks like Brian Koppelman very
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well known writer screenwriter co -creator of the show billions swears by morning pages
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so that is an easy way to ease into the practice of just moving a pen I recommend freehand
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so that you can see your thinking on paper that accomplishes two things.
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Number one, it takes the anxieties and nebulous worries in your head, puts them down in a freeze frame so
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that you can kind of trap them in the printed form so you can get on with the rest of your day.
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The second thing it does is it allows you to see where you are sharp
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and where you are dull in your thinking.
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Now if you are drafting as I do for instance right now once a week writing, if you are looking for a proofreader and you do need a proofreader, if you can't find a professional writer
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because we can't all find professional writers talk to friends who have any type of legal training
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or you could even hire a lawyer to do this
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or a paralegal someone with a law degree they are trained to look at language very very carefully
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because in a dispute in a negotiation
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and a disagreement arbitration it's gonna come down to the wording of contracts
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and I have found that
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when I do not have access to professional writers it is oftentimes just as good
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or even better to get lawyers or people with legal training to read my writing.
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So that would be a workaround that I accidentally discovered that is very powerful.
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A few things to keep in mind when you are then doing revisions, because writing is in fact rewriting.
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You're gonna vomit out your first one or two pages, and my mantra of sorts, which I borrowed from someone else who is a career ghost writer, is two crappy pages.
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Two crappy pages per day.
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And very often you're going to exceed that and then write more
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but so that you set the game up in a way
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that is winnable two crappy pages is your minimum
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and it can be just brain vomit it can be worthless
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but you gotta get two pages all right once you have
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those two pages you can approach revision in a few different ways
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and you can revise yourself say in three rounds like my friend Neil Strauss who I think has seven
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or eight New York Times best -selling books at this point when he He does his first edit, he edits for himself, all right?
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So he's editing just for his pleasure, for his enjoyment, for what he thinks is good.
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Then the second round of edits, he will edit for his fans, the people he thinks will really love this material.
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The third round is for the critics, the people who try to tear it apart to find little niggly points that they could twist and so on.
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And that can be a helpful framework for revising.
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What I do with proofreaders, and you You can do this also with people who are not trained writers at all, and in fact you should have some lay people,
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so to speak, people who are not writers as a craft.
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Very simply, what I will ask people to do is read and highlight anything, this could be in a Google Doc, a Word doc on paper, that is confusing.
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People can like what you write, they can dislike it, they can love it, they can hate it, but it should not confuse anybody.
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All right, so the first thing I will do is I'll ask people, just highlight anything that is confusing
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or unclear all right that's that's step one anyone can do
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that the next is if you notice your mind wandering
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while you're reading this please note that all right so
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if something is slow
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and maybe it can be taken out note where your mind starts wandering all right the dictum there is
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when in doubt take it out just be like I don't know
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if I should take I don't know if I should keep this
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or not take it out at least as an experiment the other Another question that I pose to proofreaders, because you can train people to be very good proofreaders,
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is the 10 % rule, and it's not really a rule, but a guideline that I like to use.
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So I'll say, please indicate the 10 % I should keep no matter what.
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If there is 10 % that I should keep no matter what, what is the strongest 10 % like if there's 10 % I have to keep, please indicate that.
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And if I had to cut 10 % or even 20 % in some cases, I'll ask people, please indicate what you would cut if you had to cut something,
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even if this is an essay or a blog post that is a page or two long.
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And what you'll find if you approach writing systematically in this way and revision systematically in this way is your cognition,
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your analysis, your awareness of how you use words,
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how you use explanation, how you use questions will become so much sharper that it will transcend
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this type of exercise and begin to positively affect just about everything in your life.
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So for fulfillment, for excitement, for professional success, for personal success,
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I find writing to be arguably the most important practice.
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Good luck.
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Thank you.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: page, writing, writer, proofreader, edit. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 71 جملة و1105 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 5:51. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة، نحو 189 كلمة في الدقيقة، لذا ستسمع كثيرًا من وصل الكلمات واختزال الأصوات. 84% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| edit فعل | /ˈɛdɪt/ | حَرَّرَ, عَدَّلَ |
| indicate فعل | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | دَلَّ عَلَى, رَمَزَ إِلَى |
| revision اسم | /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/ | تَنْقِيح |
| confuse فعل | /kənˈfjuːz/ | أَرْبَكَ, حَيَّرَ |
| sharp صفة | /ʃɑɹp/ | حَادّ |
| essay اسم | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | مَقَالَة, بَحْث |
| freeze فعل | /ˈfɹiːz/ | تَجَمَّدَ |
| wander فعل | /ˈwɑndɚ/ | تَجَوَّلَ |
| vomit فعل | /ˈvɑmɪt/ | تَقَيَّأَ, قَاءَ |
| extent اسم | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | اِتِّسَاع, مَدَّى |
| carefully ظرف | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | بِعِنَايَة |
| anxiety اسم | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | قَلَق |
| awareness اسم | /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/ | وعي |
| explanation اسم | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | تَفْسِير, شَرْح |
| helpful صفة | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | نَافِع, مُفِيد |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| take out فعل | أَخْرَجَ |
| go up فعل | صَعِدَ, يَصْعَدُ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | be said · was taken · are trained |
| جمل الوصل who / which + جملة — معلومة إضافية عن شخص أو شيء | friends who have · people who try · people who are |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 21 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل you're, don't, gonna. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: systematically /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: sharp /ʃɑɹp/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, trap /tɹæp/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, vomit /ˈvɑmɪt/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, whatsoever /ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/, positively /ˈpɑ.zɪ.tɪv.li/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, extent /ɪkˈstɛnt/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل edit, indicate, revision.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.