Практика Shadowing: How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Gonna talk a little bit about how to use writing and why you should use writing to improve your thinking.
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So I would credit much of the success I've had to
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whatever extent I've had success to learning how to write and to practicing writing.
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And the reason for that is
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that without writing it's very hard to freeze your thinking on paper so that you can sharpen it, so that you can see where,
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for instance, using words that aren't well -defined, where you're saying things that don't need to be said all of this will help everything else.
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I remember in college, for instance, when I took a class with John McPhee, an incredibly gifted writer and teacher, all of my grades in every other class went up
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because every extraneous bit of information that was hurting instead of helping me was taken out.
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So to sharpen the saw, a couple of different approaches.
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Number one is write anything, anything whatsoever stream of consciousness essay doesn't really matter let's just
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call it one to three pages something along the lines of morning pages
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and Julia Cameron the artists way popularized this
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and there are a number of folks like Brian Koppelman very
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well known writer screenwriter co -creator of the show billions swears by morning pages
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so that is an easy way to ease into the practice of just moving a pen I recommend freehand
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so that you can see your thinking on paper that accomplishes two things.
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Number one, it takes the anxieties and nebulous worries in your head, puts them down in a freeze frame so
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that you can kind of trap them in the printed form so you can get on with the rest of your day.
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The second thing it does is it allows you to see where you are sharp
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and where you are dull in your thinking.
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Now if you are drafting as I do for instance right now once a week writing, if you are looking for a proofreader and you do need a proofreader, if you can't find a professional writer
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because we can't all find professional writers talk to friends who have any type of legal training
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or you could even hire a lawyer to do this
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or a paralegal someone with a law degree they are trained to look at language very very carefully
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because in a dispute in a negotiation
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and a disagreement arbitration it's gonna come down to the wording of contracts
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and I have found that
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when I do not have access to professional writers it is oftentimes just as good
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or even better to get lawyers or people with legal training to read my writing.
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So that would be a workaround that I accidentally discovered that is very powerful.
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A few things to keep in mind when you are then doing revisions, because writing is in fact rewriting.
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You're gonna vomit out your first one or two pages, and my mantra of sorts, which I borrowed from someone else who is a career ghost writer, is two crappy pages.
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Two crappy pages per day.
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And very often you're going to exceed that and then write more
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but so that you set the game up in a way
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that is winnable two crappy pages is your minimum
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and it can be just brain vomit it can be worthless
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but you gotta get two pages all right once you have
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those two pages you can approach revision in a few different ways
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and you can revise yourself say in three rounds like my friend Neil Strauss who I think has seven
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or eight New York Times best -selling books at this point when he He does his first edit, he edits for himself, all right?
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So he's editing just for his pleasure, for his enjoyment, for what he thinks is good.
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Then the second round of edits, he will edit for his fans, the people he thinks will really love this material.
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The third round is for the critics, the people who try to tear it apart to find little niggly points that they could twist and so on.
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And that can be a helpful framework for revising.
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What I do with proofreaders, and you You can do this also with people who are not trained writers at all, and in fact you should have some lay people,
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so to speak, people who are not writers as a craft.
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Very simply, what I will ask people to do is read and highlight anything, this could be in a Google Doc, a Word doc on paper, that is confusing.
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People can like what you write, they can dislike it, they can love it, they can hate it, but it should not confuse anybody.
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All right, so the first thing I will do is I'll ask people, just highlight anything that is confusing
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or unclear all right that's that's step one anyone can do
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that the next is if you notice your mind wandering
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while you're reading this please note that all right so
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if something is slow
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and maybe it can be taken out note where your mind starts wandering all right the dictum there is
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when in doubt take it out just be like I don't know
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if I should take I don't know if I should keep this
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or not take it out at least as an experiment the other Another question that I pose to proofreaders, because you can train people to be very good proofreaders,
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is the 10 % rule, and it's not really a rule, but a guideline that I like to use.
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So I'll say, please indicate the 10 % I should keep no matter what.
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If there is 10 % that I should keep no matter what, what is the strongest 10 % like if there's 10 % I have to keep, please indicate that.
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And if I had to cut 10 % or even 20 % in some cases, I'll ask people, please indicate what you would cut if you had to cut something,
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even if this is an essay or a blog post that is a page or two long.
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And what you'll find if you approach writing systematically in this way and revision systematically in this way is your cognition,
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your analysis, your awareness of how you use words,
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how you use explanation, how you use questions will become so much sharper that it will transcend
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this type of exercise and begin to positively affect just about everything in your life.
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So for fulfillment, for excitement, for professional success, for personal success,
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I find writing to be arguably the most important practice.
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Good luck.
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Thank you.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «How to Use Writing to Sharpen Your Thinking». Чаще всего повторяются слова: page, writing, writer, proofreader, edit. В этом видео 71 предложений и 1105 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:51. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 189 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 84% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| edit глагол | /ˈɛdɪt/ | редакти́ровать, изменя́ть |
| indicate глагол | /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ | ука́зывать, указа́ть |
| revision существительное | /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/ | перерабо́тка, исправле́ние |
| confuse глагол | /kənˈfjuːz/ | пу́тать, запу́тать |
| sharp прилагательное | /ʃɑɹp/ | о́стрый |
| essay существительное | /ˈɛs.eɪ/ | сочине́ние, эссе́ |
| highlight глагол | /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/ | выделя́ть, вы́делить |
| freeze глагол | /ˈfɹiːz/ | замерза́ть, замёрзнуть |
| wander глагол | /ˈwɑndɚ/ | броди́ть, слоня́ться |
| vomit глагол | /ˈvɑmɪt/ | блева́ть, рвать |
| systematically наречие | /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/ | системати́чески |
| extent существительное | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | сте́пень, объём |
| carefully наречие | /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/ | осторо́жно, аккура́тно |
| anxiety существительное | /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/ | беспоко́йство, трево́га |
| awareness существительное | /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/ | созна́ние, осозна́ние |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| take out глагол | вынима́ть, вы́нуть |
| come down to глагол | спадать до |
| get on with глагол | приступа́ть, продолжа́ть |
| go up глагол | поднима́ться, подня́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | be said · was taken · are trained |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | friends who have · people who try · people who are |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 21 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, don't, gonna. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: revision /ɹəˈvɪʒ.ən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: systematically /ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪ.kli/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wander /ˈwɑndɚ/, awareness /əˈwɛɹ.nəs/, framework /ˈfɹeɪm.wɜːk/, twist /twɪst/, whatsoever /ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: highlight /ˈhaɪˌlaɪt/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, hire /ˈhaɪɹ/, whatsoever /ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, ease /iz/, pose /poʊz/, exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как edit, indicate, revision.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.