シャドーイング練習: What is a contract? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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34 文
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In this video, we'll discuss what we mean by a contract.
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When you think about contract law, first think about promises.
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But these are promises recognized as legal obligations by a court.
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And if this legally recognized promise is broken, a court might impose liability on the party breaking the promise.
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Now, people make promises all the time.
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For example, I promise to meet you next week.
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Don't worry, I promise you it won't rain.
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But with contracts, remember, we're concerned with liability if the person breaks a promise.
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If your friend doesn't show up in the park as scheduled,
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we don't expect a court to make someone pay for not showing up on a date.
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Likewise, maybe your friend promised you that it wouldn't rain, but you're probably not going to sue your friend because her weather prediction was wrong.
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Without even studying the law, instinctively, we don't expect your friend's weather prediction to be a legally enforceable contract.
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On the other hand, if we have a promise to sell a scooter in exchange for money, and one party pays money but there's no scooter,
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well, that seems to be a broken promise, for which we expect there to be some liability.
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So what's the difference, then, between a broken promise to be someone's best friend and a broken promise to sell or to buy a scooter.
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When should a promise be part of a contract, a legally enforceable agreement?
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We can say that a contract is made of distinct pieces that we'll call elements.
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And if we have the necessary elements, we have a contract.
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You can think of elements of a contract the way you might think of ingredients to a soup.
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If we have the right ingredients, we can make our soup.
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But now we're asking, what do we need?
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What are the elements to form a contract?
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And generally, our three elements for a contract are offer, acceptance, and consideration.
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Before we can have a contract, we should have these three elements.
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We'll say the offer and the acceptance are a mutual agreement to enter into a deal.
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And consideration will mean the parties are giving and getting something.
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For example, paying money in exchange for a painting.
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And we'll need all three elements to have a contract.
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This course focuses primarily on the offer, but in subsequent courses, we'll be looking at the acceptance and consideration.
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So our basic definition of a contract is going to be a promise that a court will enforce.
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Put a slightly different way, it's a promise that if broken, can result in liability.
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You can also define a contract as an agreement that can be enforced in court.
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If you'd like to discuss contract law or any other matter related to US law,
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stop by my website and feel free to send me an email.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「What is a contract?」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：promise, contract, elements, broken, liability。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が34文、単語が477語あります。 音声の長さは2:52です。 話す速さは1分あたり約166語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語11語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| element 名詞 | /ˈɛləmənt/ | 要素, エレメント |
| liability 名詞 | /laɪəˈbɪlɪti/ | 負債, 借金 |
| acceptance 名詞 | /əkˈsɛp.təns/ | 受け入れ |
| scooter 名詞 | /ˈskuːtə(ɹ)/ | キックスケーター, スクーター |
| soup 名詞 | /sup/ | 汁, スープ |
| prediction 名詞 | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | 予言, 予測 |
| ingredient 名詞 | /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/ | 成分, 原材料 |
| distinct 形容詞 | /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ | 明白な |
| mutual 形容詞 | /ˈmjuːt͡ʃuəl/ | 相互, 互いの |
| obligation 名詞 | /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/ | 義務, 責任 |
| likewise 副詞 | /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/ | 同様に |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe'll, don't, we'reなど、短縮形や弱形を15回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: liability /laɪəˈbɪlɪti/, consideration /kənˌsɪd.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, ingredient /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, instinctively /ɪnˈstɪŋktɪvli/
日本語話者が苦手な音：
- /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: enforce /ɪnˈfoɹs/, define /dɪˈfaɪn/
- 子音の連続 — 間に母音を入れない: element /ˈɛləmənt/, acceptance /əkˈsɛp.təns/, scooter /ˈskuːtə(ɹ)/, enforce /ɪnˈfoɹs/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。element, liability, acceptanceなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。