쉐도잉 연습: Why China's population is shrinking - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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This chart shows

China's birth and death rate over the last 60 years.

For most of it, births are high.

But in 2022, China had more deaths than births, causing its population to decrease for the first time in six decades.

To get why this is such a big deal, consider this.

China is the world's manufacturing superpower, and that's in large part because of its huge population.

Nearly 30 % of the country's economic output comes from manufacturing.

Now here's China's population over the last 60 years.

Even after losing almost a million people in 2022, its population is still about as big as it's ever been — 1 .4 billion people.

But that's projected to shrink by nearly half by the end of the century.

Over the years, China's growth and policies have contributed to its population decline.

Today, it's looking to reverse course, to keep its population steady.

The problem is, it might be too late.

In the 50s under Mao, China experienced one of the most gruesome famines on record.

30 million people died.

If we look at that on the birth and death rates chart, you'll see a big spike in deaths.

At the same time, the birth rate dropped, causing the population to shrink.

But as often happens with wars, famines and other major crises, immediately after, there was a baby boom.

Combined with global medical advances that decreased infant mortality rates, China's average family now had six children.

The birth rate had skyrocketed, which the government saw as a big problem.

The Chinese leadership realized the population was growing too fast and something needs to be done.

The government came out with a policy.

They called it later, longer, fewer.

Later marriages, longer birth intervals, and fewer births.

As a result, China's birth rate started trending down.

But it wasn't low enough for China's leaders.

And in 1980, they implemented the extreme one -child policy, which limited most families to one child.

That policy was also backed up by very harsh measures.

There were campaigns of sterilization, IOD insertion, and induced abortions.

And while these campaigns began during the later longer -fewer era, they were at their worst under the one -child policy,

when China sterilized 20 million men and women and induced nearly 15 million abortions in a single year.

But China had accomplished its goal.

Population growth was under control.

Except, as China would soon realize, these restrictive policies worked a little too well.

In order for any population to stay the same size in the long run, each couple needs to have, on average, 2 .1 children.

This is called the replacement rate.

The idea is that one child replaces one parent, and that 0 .1 makes up for children who die before they become adults.

But China has had a fertility rate that's far below two for over three decades.

To bring that up, in 2016, China finally ended the one -child policy.

And after briefly trying out a three -child policy, in 2021, they finally let families have as many children as they'd like.

But it hasn't worked.

One big reason is the unique family structure produced by the one -child policy.

We're looking at what's called a 4 -to -1 family structure with a couple having four parents above them

and one child below.

Most countries have diverse family structures, some with three kids, others with none.

But with China's 4 -to -1 model, millions of only children are under increasing pressure to care for their aging parents and elderly grandparents.

And this can make having multiple children even harder, especially as the cost of living keeps rising.

A recent survey revealed

that more than 50 % of young people don't want more than one child because of financial and work pressures.

We've seen cash subsidies for additional birth, longer maternal leaves, subsidizes for kindergarten,

and all sorts of monetary support.

Well, the thing is, almost none of them has worked because having a child is exceedingly expensive and it's a lifelong commitment.

And so it's not — it's really actually hard to put a price on this.

But China's population crisis isn't just about babies.

It's also about the balance between young and old.

If we look at population pyramids that show distribution by age, we see that countries like Kenya, with rapid population growth, look like this.

Wide at the bottom, representing a lot of new young people, and narrow at the top.

Countries experiencing slower growth, like the Philippines, are still triangular, but the difference between top and bottom is less pronounced.

Now take a look at China and notice the narrow bottom, so fewer babies, and the heavy top, a larger number of elderly people.

Which is happy.

outcome of our improvement in health and in standard of living,

but combined with sustained low fertility and that just produces sustained population aging.

In 2050, that pyramid is projected to look like this.

And that will further drive down

China's population, shrink its labor force, and put the whole country in a uniquely difficult position.

In the 80s, China became a hotspot for foreign investment, cheap manufacturing and exports.

A generation later, it was shooting up the ranks and becoming one of the world's leading and fastest growing economies by GDP.

But not only did that economic modernization drive birth rates down further, it also didn't translate to an equally strong economy for everyone.

If we look at the GDP per capita, the best indicator we have for standard of living, China is much lower than these high -income countries.

China became a major world economy nearly overnight, but it's still a middle -income country.

Many, especially in rural areas, haven't benefited much from China's economic boom.

And China has yet to develop the necessary safety nets to support its aging population.

To build the social infrastructure,

like the social programs in health care and in pension, It takes time.

And that's getting actually tougher with the economy that's slowing down.

And a slower economy will inevitably redefine

China's role in the world as a manufacturing superpower.

What this means for China,

for the world, is that the resource constraints from within would also constrain the Chinese ambition and its global reach.

In some ways, China isn't alone.

A lot of Asian and European countries are experiencing population declines, too.

What makes China different is how fast this all has happened.

It was only 40 years ago that

China started leveraging its booming population to become an economic superpower, all while still trying to stem population growth.

Now that China's population growth is officially over, China may have to rethink its future, not just as a global superpower,

but for its citizens at home, too.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Why China's population is shrinking”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: population, China, birth, rate, policy. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 87개와 단어 1091개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 7:22입니다. 화자는 분당 약 148단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 단어의 85%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
chart 명사	/t͡ʃɑɹt/	차트, 도표
narrow 형용사	/ˈnæɹəʊ/	좁은, 좁다
abortion 명사	/əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/	인공유산, 낙태
elderly 형용사	/ˈɛldɚli/	나이가 지긋하다
combine 동사	/kəmˈbaɪn/	조합하다, 결합하다
pyramid 명사	/ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/	피라미드, 금자탑
famine 명사	/ˈfæm.ɪn/	기아, 기근
subsidy 명사	/ˈsʌbsɪdi/	보조, 원조
infrastructure 명사	/ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/	기반시설, 기간시설
output 명사	/ˈaʊtpʊt/	출력
reveal 동사	/ɹɪˈviːl/	나타내다, 드러내다
citizen 명사	/ˈsɪtɪzən/	시민
resource 명사	/ɹɪˈzɔːs/	자원
rapid 형용사	/ˈɹæp.ɪd/	빠르다
export 명사	/ˈɛks.pɔɹt/	수출품

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	it's ever been · have contributed · has had
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	be done · was also backed · is called

주의할 발음

화자는 isn't, didn't, don't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 10번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: abortion /əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/, pension /ˈpɛnʃən/, harsh /ˈhɑɹʃ/, accomplish /əˈkɑm.plɪʃ/, ambition /æmˈbɪʃ.ən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, monetary /ˈmʌnɪtəɹi/, indicator /ˈɪn.dɪˌkeɪ.tə(ɹ)/, inevitably /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbli/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: fewer /ˈfjuː.ɚ/, fertility /fɝˈtɪləti/, famine /ˈfæm.ɪn/, infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, briefly /ˈbɹiːfli/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/, diverse /daɪˈvɜːs/, overnight /əʊvə(ɹ)ˈnaɪt/, inevitably /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbli/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: citizen /ˈsɪtɪzən/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/, modernization /ˌmɑdɚnɪˈzeɪʃn̩/, sterilize /ˈstɛɹɪlaɪz/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, chart, narrow, abortion 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: Why China's population is shrinking - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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