Практика Shadowing: When Did Ancient Humans Start Drinking Alcohol? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Создание урока...
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Right now, you're probably drunk or about to get drunk, and the last time you had a drink, beer, wine, whatever, you probably just drank it and forgot about it.
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But what you did is one of the oldest things a human being can do.
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It's older than writing, older than farming.
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It actually predates humans' beings entirely.
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Because our relationship with alcohol doesn't start a few thousand years ago with the invention of wine or the first brewery.
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It starts about 10 million years ago, on a forest floor in Africa, with a small primate picking up a piece of fruit that had been sitting on the ground for too long.
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In 2014, a biologist at UC Berkeley named Robert Dudley published a book called The Drunken Monkey.
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His argument was simple.
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When fruit falls from a tree and sits on the ground, the natural sugars inside it start breaking down.
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Yeast gets in.
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Fermentation begins.
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And the fruit starts producing small amounts of ethanol.
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And when primates ate that fruit, the ethanol inside it made them feel a little drunk.
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They had no idea why, but it felt good, so they kept coming back for more.
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Over millions of years, our ancestors didn't just tolerate alcohol, they evolved to look for it.
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So by the time ancient humans actually showed up, the taste for it was already built in.
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It was there long before anyone figured out how to make it on purpose.
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The question is, when did they figure that out?
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In 2018, archaeologists were excavating a cave near Haifa, Israel.
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The cave is called Rakafet, and it was used by a group called the Natufians about 13 ,000 years ago.
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Inside, they found stone mortars carved directly into the bedrock.
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When they analyzed the residue left in those mortars, they found traces of wheat and barley that had been soaked, germinated, and left to ferment.
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That's beer, brewed in a cave 13 ,000 years ago.
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Now, here's what makes that finding so important.
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The Natufians were not farmers.
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They hadn't invented agriculture yet.
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But they were still collecting wild grain by hand and hunting animals for meat.
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They didn't grow the barley, they found it.
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But somehow, making beer was important enough that they figured that out first.
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Think about that.
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Because up until this discovery, the story goes like this.
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Humans settled down, started farming, built villages, and then eventually discovered fermentation and started making drinks.
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Alcohol came after civilization, but Roccafet Cave says the opposite.
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These people were brewing while they were still nomadic, and they aren't the only ones.
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About a thousand years later, someone in southeastern Turkey built something enormous.
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At a site called Göbekli Tepe, massive stone pillars, some weighing over ten tons, were arranged in careful circles and carved with images of animals.
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The whole structure was deliberate and complex, and it was built before farming, before pottery, before anyone in the region had a permanent home.
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These were still hunter -gatherers. For years, archaeologists couldn't explain why nomadic people would organize the labor needed to move 10 -ton stones up a hill
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and carve them with precision.
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What would motivate that?
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Then they found large stone vats at the site.
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When they tested the insides, they found chemical traces of fermented grain.
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People were brewing at Gobekli Tepe.
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Not small amounts, enough for large gatherings.
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The current theory is that this site wasn't a home.
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It was a gathering place for ritual and feasting.
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People traveled from across the region, came together, and drank.
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And this raises a question that's been debated for decades.
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Why did humans start farming?
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An archaeobotanist named Patrick McGovern, the leading expert on ancient alcohol in the world, has spent decades arguing that humans didn't start farming to make bread.
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They started farming to make beer.
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And, I couldn't agree more.
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He says that bread requires grinding, kneading, and baking.
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It's a complex process.
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Beer is simpler.
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You soak grain in water, leave it alone, and fermentation happens by itself.
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And the desire to drink would have been a stronger motivator than the desire to eat grain in a slightly different form.
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If he's right, then alcohol isn't something that showed up after humans settled down.
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It might be the reason they settled down in the first place.
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By 7000 BCE, the evidence gets more precise.
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In a Neolithic village called Jiahu in central China, archaeologists found pottery jars containing residue from a fermented drink made of rice, honey, grapes, and hawthorn berries.
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Chemical analysis confirmed the ingredients and the fermentation process.
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This is the oldest confirmed recipe for alcohol anywhere in the world.
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And it wasn't crude, it was a blend—multiple ingredients, carefully chosen and combined.
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Whoever made this knew exactly what they were doing.
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From there, it only grew.
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By the time ancient Egypt came around, beer wasn't something people made for fun.
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It was woven into everything.
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Workers who built the pyramids were paid, in beer, about four to five liters a day.
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That was their actual salary.
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Not coins, not grain, but beer.
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And it made sense, because the water from the Nile was often contaminated and unsafe to drink straight.
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But beer, because of the brewing process, was cleaner.
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So it kept people alive in a way water couldn't.
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Honestly, if you were working in the desert heat
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and someone gave you a choice between a bag of coins or five liters of cold beer, what are you picking?
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Ahem.
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Yeah.
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Same.
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And on top of that, the brewing process added calories and nutrients.
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For a laborer dragging limestone blocks in the desert heat, those extra calories mattered.
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Beer wasn't just a drink.
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It was lunch.
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And then there was the religious side.
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The Egyptians believed beer was created by Osiris and given to humans as a gift.
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It showed up in temple offerings, burial rituals, and medical prescriptions.
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Doctors would mix herbs into beer and prescribe it for everything from stomach problems to infections.
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So one single drink was doing the job of a paycheck, a water filter, a meal, a medicine, and a prayer, all from the same cup.
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So here's the full picture.
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Ten million years ago, your ancestors were drawn to fermented fruit because it helped them find food.
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13 ,000 years ago, they were deliberately brewing in caves before they knew how to farm.
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12 ,000 years ago, they were possibly building the first monuments in human history just to have a place to drink together.
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9 ,000 years ago, they had recipes.
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5 ,000 years ago, entire civilizations were running on it.
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Alcohol didn't come after we built the world we live in.
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There's a real possibility that it's the reason we built it at all.
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Every time you have a drink, you're continuing something that started before your species had a name for itself.
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The process changed, the ingredients improved, the cups got fancier.
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But the impulse is the same one
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that made a small primate reach for a piece of overripe fruit on a forest floor 10 million years ago.
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We just learned how to make it on purpose.
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If you want to dig deeper into any of this, all the research is linked down in the description version.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «When Did Ancient Humans Start Drinking Alcohol?». Чаще всего повторяются слова: beer, drink, alcohol, built, farming. В этом видео 102 предложений и 1202 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:03. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 199 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 77% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| brew глагол | /bɹuː/ | зава́ривать, завари́ть |
| cave существительное | /keɪv/ | пеще́ра, подземе́лье |
| grain существительное | /ɡɹeɪn/ | зерно́, жи́то |
| ingredient существительное | /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/ | составна́я часть, ингредие́нт |
| confirm глагол | /kənˈfɝm/ | укрепля́ть, укрепи́ть |
| desert существительное | /ˈdɛz.ɚt/ | пусты́ня |
| recipe существительное | /ˈɹɛs.ɪ.pi/ | реце́пт, спо́соб |
| coin существительное | /ˈkoɪ̯n/ | моне́та |
| trace существительное | /tɹeɪs/ | слежка, прослушка |
| ritual существительное | /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/ | ритуа́л, обря́д |
| civilization существительное | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | цивилиза́ция, культу́ра |
| mortar существительное | /ˈmɔːtə/ | раство́р |
| pottery существительное | /ˈpɑtəɹi/ | гонча́рные изде́лия, кера́мика |
| soak глагол | /soʊk/ | намока́ть, намо́кнуть |
| calorie существительное | /ˈkæləɹi/ | кало́рия |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| settle down глагол | успоко́иться | |
| show up глагол | объявля́ться, объяви́ться | |
| break down глагол | ломаться, сломаться | |
| come around глагол | /kʌ.məˈɹaʊnd/ | переду́мать |
| figure out глагол | разбира́ться, разобра́ться | |
| pick up глагол | подбира́ть, подобра́ть |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 17 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например didn't, wasn't, couldn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: gathering /ˈɡæð.ɚ.ɪŋ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, ethanol /ˈɛθ.ə.nɑl/, hawthorn /ˈhɔ.θɔɹn/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, precision /pɹɪˈsɪʒ.ən/, prescription /pɹəˈskɹɪp.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: ingredient /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, agriculture /ˈæɡ.ɹɪˌkʌl.t͡ʃɚ/, deliberately /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət.li/, deliberate /dɪˈlɪb.(ə.)ɹət/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: worker /ˈwɝ.kɚ/, wheat /ˈwiːt/, weigh /weɪ/, weave /wiːv/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: whoever /huˈɛvɚ/, honey /ˈhʌni/, hunter /ˈhʌntɚ/, herb /hɜːb/, ahem /əˈhɛm/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: cave /keɪv/, drag /dɹæɡ/, arrange /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/, crude /kɹuːd/, organize /ˈɔɹɡənaɪz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как brew, cave, grain.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.