ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: IELTS listening actual test Part 3: Maori carving (answer+ transcript)

Part 3.

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ความเร็ว:

189 ประโยค

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Part 3.

You will hear two students named Amy and Mike discussing Maori carvings.

First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 25.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 25.

Hi Mike.

Aren't these New Zealand carvings we've been studying in class fascinating?

Oh, hi Amy.

Oh, the Maori greenstone tikis.

They're all a bit organic for my taste.

You know, all curves and twisting shapes.

I like modern stuff, geometric shapes,

but I can see the skill involved in making them.

But the stories behind the tikis are what make them interesting.

Besides, I imagine it would be difficult to create geometric patterns.

The shape of each tiki seems to follow the natural contours of the stone.

It's extremely hard, and it requires expertise and time to shape.

That's true.

I suppose that's why modern greenstone carvings are so expensive,

but there aren't that many genuine old ones around.

Archaeologists rarely discover such treasures,

which is odd given they are such a huge part of Maori culture.

I wonder if archaeological dig sites were raided and the tikis were taken to sell.

I believe it's because the owners valued them and so preserved them.

Many of them would have been passed down through the generations and remain in the possession of the families today, like heirlooms.

Do you know what they were used for?

I thought they were just an art form or a means of decoration,

but Professor Matiu says that the Maori believed tikis were sacred and could be used as a pathway to their ancestors.

They believed the dead could speak to them through these talismans.

So they don't represent tribes or anything?

Interesting.

How many different kinds are there?

There must be hundreds of variations.

There are other greenstone carvings beside tikis,

although I can't remember all their names.

Traditional tikis themselves can be divided into two distinct groups though. Can they?

By the materials?

I've seen some with metal features.

Or is it to do with size or where they were made?

Actually, it is the ways that their feet,

heads and hands are placed that make the major difference.

Is it easy to discern the difference between the ancient stones and more modern reproductions?

Are the styles very different?

Modern reproductions usually use a different type of stone,

although they may be of the same design.

They may also be of a smaller size.

But it's actually quite easy to tell if you are buying a genuine carving or a mass-produced souvenir.

How?

Nowadays, they are produced by machine,

using lasers even, so they have no blemishes.

In genuine carvings, they aren't always perfect because the Maori used simple hand tools.

For example, the hole that the cord is fed through isn't perfectly round.

That makes sense.

Before you hear the rest of the discussion,

you have some time to look at questions 26 to 30.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 26 to 30.

Actually, it's amazing that they produce such detailed tikis with such simple tools and materials.

Talk me through the process.

I know the basic shape is carved from New Zealand greenstone.

Yes, but first they had to get a blank of the right size.

You mean a piece of stone of the right size and basic shape?

That's right.

They used a hard stone tool,

something rough, to wear a groove into a piece of greenstone.

After they'd scored it with that,

they could just snap it in two.

I guess they could have used some kind of hammer, though.

They repeated the process until they had a piece of stone suitable for what they wanted to carve,

usually flat pieces for tikis.

Right, because they're fairly small and quite thin.

Then they started carving?

Not right away.

Before they could start carving,

they needed an absolutely smooth, flat surface.

Nowadays, when we want to do something like that,

we'd clamp the stone in a and use a sander,

but they used a heavy block of sandstone

and rubbed the piece of greenstone on it over and over to prepare it for carving.

It must have been very time-consuming.

So how did they cut out the little details, like hands and feet?

They had carving tools.

They used small chips of stone glued and tied onto a wooden handle.

Then they also used a piece of sharpened bone made into a point.

Is that what they used to make the holes?

Actually, they had a special tool to make holes.

It was a stick tied between two heavy pebbles with a point at the end.

They would wrap string around it,

pull it back and forth to wear a hole into the tiki.

They used the same technique to make round shapes too,

but didn't make the hole go all the way through.

And I've seen some tikis with coloured eyes or decorations.

Are they painted?

Mostly they are inlaid with different coloured stone or mother of pearl from shells,

or sometimes dyed pieces of bone.

They were fixed in place using teratagum, a sticky plant resin.

They used plants to make the natural strings too.

That's right.

The Maori were very resourceful, weren't they?

They certainly were.

Thank you.

100

Hi Mike.

101

Aren't these New Zealand carvings we've been studying in class fascinating?

102

Oh hi Amy.

103

Oh the Maori greenstone tikis.

104

They're all a bit organic for my taste.

105

You know, all curves and twisting shapes.

106

I like modern stuff, geometric shapes,

107

but I can see the skill involved in making them.

108

But the stories behind the tikis are what make them interesting.

109

Besides, I imagine it would be difficult to create geometrions.

110

The shape of each tiki seems to follow the natural contours of the stone.

111

It's extremely hard and it requires expertise and time to shape.

112

That's true.

113

I suppose that's why modern greenstone carvings are so expensive,

114

but there aren't that many genuine old ones around.

115

Archaeologists rarely discover such treasures,

116

which is odd given they are such a huge part of Maori culture.

117

I wonder if archaeological dig sites were raided and the tikis were taken to sell.

118

I believe it's because the owners valued them, and so preserved them.

119

Many of them would have been passed down through the generations and remain in the possession of the families today, like heirlooms.

120

Do you know what they were used for?

121

I thought they were just an art form or a means of decoration.

122

But Professor Matiu says that the Maori believed tikis were sacred and could be used as a pathway to their ancestors.

123

They believed the dead could speak to them through these talismans.

124

So they don't represent tribes or anything?

125

Interesting.

126

How many different kinds are there?

127

There must be hundreds of variations.

128

There are other greenstone carvings beside tikis,

129

although I can't remember all their names.

130

Traditional tikis themselves can be divided into two distinct groups though. Can they?

131

Buy the materials?

132

I've seen some with metal features.

133

Or is it to do with size or where they were made?

134

Actually, it is the ways that their feet,

135

heads and hands are placed that make the major difference.

136

Is it easy to discern the difference between the ancient stones and more modern reproductions?

137

Are the styles very different?

138

Modern reproductions usually use a different type of stone,

139

although they may be of the same design.

140

They may also be of a smaller size.

141

But it's actually quite easy to tell if you are buying a genuine carving or a mass-produced souvenir.

142

How?

143

Nowadays, they are produced by machine,

144

using lasers even, so they have no blemishes.

145

In genuine carvings, they aren't always perfect because the Maori used simple hand tools.

146

For example, the hole that the cord is fed through isn't perfectly round.

147

That makes sense.

148

Actually, it's amazing that they produce such detailed tikis with such simple tools and materials.

149

Talk me through the process.

150

I know the basic shape is carved from New Zealand greenstone.

151

Yes, but first they had to get a blank of the right size.

152

You mean a piece of stone of the right size and basic shape?

153

That's right.

154

They used a hard stone tool,

155

something rough, to wear a groove into a piece of greenstone.

156

After they'd scored it with that,

157

they could just snap it in two.

158

I guess they could have used some kind of hammer though.

159

They repeated the process until they had a piece of stone

160

suitable for what they wanted to carve – usually flat pieces for tikis.

161

Right, because they're fairly small and quite thin.

162

Then they started carving?

163

But right away, before they could start carving,

164

they needed an absolutely smooth, flat surface.

165

Nowadays, when we want to do something like that,

166

we'd clamp the stone in a vice and use a sander.

167

But they used a heavy block of sandstone

168

and rubbed the piece of greenstone on it over and over to prepare it for carving.

169

It must have been very time-consuming.

170

So how did they cut out the little details, like hands and feet?

171

They had carving tools.

172

They used small chips of stone glued and tied onto a wooden handle.

173

Then they also used a piece of sharpened bone made into a point.

174

Is that what they used to make the holes?

175

Actually, they had a special tool to make holes.

176

It was a stick tied between two heavy pebbles with a point at the end.

177

They would wrap string around it,

178

pull it back and forth to wear a hole into the tiki.

179

They used the same technique to make round shapes too,

180

but didn't make the hole go all the way through.

181

And I've seen some tikis with coloured eyes or decorations.

182

Are they painted?

183

Mostly they are inlaid with different coloured stone or mother of pearl from shells,

184

or sometimes dyed pieces of bone.

185

They were fixed in place using teratagum, a sticky plant resin.

186

They used plants to make the natural strings too.

187

That's right.

188

The Maori were very resourceful, weren't they?

189

They certainly were.

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