ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: The Latest Developments in Age Reversal Research
กำลังสร้างบทเรียน...
1
The Joe Rogan Experience What what is the current state of science?
2
As applied to longevity treatments like because I know that there's some pretty groundbreaking stuff that's in the pipeline right now Yeah,
3
it's so since 2019 a lot of what we talked about has come true,
4
which is the amazing thing We were speculating 2019 that we could potentially reverse aging
5
And that was a sin to say that as a scientist publicly in those days.
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I put it in the book.
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And it's actually come true since then, certainly for the lab, for mice, monkeys.
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And now we have a human clinical trial, the first potential human age reversal technologies in people right now.
9
Listen, it completely seems logical.
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The idea that that at one point in time would have been heresy in science to discuss it.
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That seems crazy.
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Like if we if people get old we understand the mechanism why couldn't we reverse it?
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Well, I think for a long time we had to accept it in the way
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that cancer used to be accepted 200 years ago probably there was nothing you could do about it
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And then my colleagues and I found
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that aging has a root cause That's the same in pretty much every cell in the body
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and that we could control that and that there were genes that not only slowed it down
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But in 2020 we had a big publication that showed we could actually safely for the first time reverse that process
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like reinstalling software in the cell to make it work again.
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And so what is the pro- is that using CRISPR?
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Like what are you using to...
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Well, we deliver genes into the body like CRISPR.
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I have a little prop here I brought.
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What is that?
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In my pocket here.
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This is a representation of how we deliver the age reversal genes.
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It's a virus-like capsule that we make in the lab.
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And this is what's going into the patients right now, into their eyes.
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Whoa initially And the eye is a good place to start.
30
How do you pick the people to get on these tests?
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They volunteer
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I was really fortunate to see the first patient get dosed earlier this year
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and That person bravely volunteered to be the first person to get
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Trillions of these injected into his eye to see if it could cure his glaucoma loss of vision
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I bet if you have glaucoma, you're probably like, listen, what's the worst that could happen?
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Well, exactly.
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He pretty much was totally blind in one eye, and so there's really nothing that he has to lose.
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There's a risk that something might go wrong, but not really.
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The good news is, and I can report to everybody around the world, that nothing's gone wrong so far.
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Everything's proceeding according to plan, and we're at a turning point, potentially, in human history, if it works.
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So I interrupted you but explain this little virus transport system.
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Oh sure and for those of you listening I've got a little rubber ball with spikes on it.
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It looks a bit like COVID but don't be scared of it.
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It's not a pathogenic virus it's actually a domesticated version of a virus and this little plastic ball has little adapters.
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These red balls on the surface of the big ball
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target it to the cells in the back of the eye and you can change the balls to target different tissues.
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We could change that outside little spike and target it to the liver, which we've done, and cured mice of their fatty liver disease as well.
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But this one's for the eye, and within that big ball is a protein capsule,
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and inside the protein capsule is our DNA special delivery, which we call OSK or Or ER 100,
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ER 100 is Epigenetic Reprogramming 100, the drug that we know when we put it into human cells, it makes them younger.
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And then they work like they were young again.
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This sounds like the beginning of a horror movie.
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You know what I mean?
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Like the scientist is on a talk show, and the scientist is explaining it, and everyone's at home with their coffee like, wow, this is wonderful.
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We're going to get younger again.
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And then the scientist says, don't worry, it's all gonna work out great.
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28 days later, garbage in the streets, cars on fire, the guy's waking up from a coma, doesn't know what happened, Yeah.
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Goes outside, these optimized humans are eating each other.
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I admit, I admit, it is science fiction, and I even have to pinch myself that it's actually happening.
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But we've done a lot of safety studies, and this trial is FDA approved, because they've looked at all the data.
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Well, God knows they never fuck anything up.
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Yeah, I figured you might say that.
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Perfect!
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Yeah, well it's in the eye, so that's why we start with the eye.
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It's enclosed.
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It's not going to spread nobody's going to grow another eye.
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And so these trillions of cells that you're putting into the eyes.
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The little capsule the virus like particles.
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I shouldn't call them cells.
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Trillions of capsules that you're putting into the eye.
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What are they doing for glaucoma?
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Well, what they're doing is there are three genes in this DNA package and I call them OSK.
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OSK are three special genes that we found safely reprogram cells
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and reboot the backup copy of youth which we now believe exists in our body.
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That's a big deal
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that there's a backup copy of youth even an old person I don't see
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that an old person anymore on the street I just see a person that needs to be rebooted.
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These OSK genes...
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You just see, wait a minute, hold on.
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When you see old people, you don't see old people, you just say, oh, that poor person needs to be rebooted.
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You're doing the perfect job for you.
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Like, your personality is perfectly suited for your occupation.
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If that's how you actually look at people?
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Well, I do, and the reason is that we all have this backup copy that the DNA,
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The instructions to be young that made us into who we are as kids is still in our bodies, almost largely intact.
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You just need to read it again.
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And that's why reinstalling software or...
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I used to use the analogy of a CD.
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Kids these days probably don't know what a CD is.
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It's a little plastic circle like a record that we used to put 20 songs on.
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It was awesome at the time.
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I think most people know.
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I'm kidding.
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It's a bit of a silly joke.
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Maybe a 10-year-old does.
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When I teach kids at Harvard, most of them have never held a CD.
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Isn't that wild?
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Yeah.
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Though they're not coming back, but albums definitely.
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So think of it like an album that you scratch.
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And the scratches are like aging, and we are getting rid of the scratches with these three genes, OSK.
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So let me tell you how these three genes work, we found.
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There was a person whose name is well known in science circles called Shinya Yamanaka,
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from Japan obviously, and he discovered that there was a set of four genes that could reliably make adult cells,
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like skin cells, into stem cells.
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And he deservedly won the Nobel Prize for that in 2006.
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But that wouldn't be useful here.
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If I turned you into a bunch of stem cells, you'd probably die within a few minutes.
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So we don't want to do that.
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And cancer is also a potential.
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So it took us about, well, from 2019 it took us a while to figure out
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that if we leave out one of the Aminaka genes and just use three, OSK, leave out the other one called them, we get safe age reversal,
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about 75-80% back to youth, but no further.
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We don't go back to zero, which is what Yamanaka did.
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And instead of cells losing their identity, which is what a stem cell has, no identity, we regain identity.
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So it's actually, I could draw graphs, but it doesn't really help listeners.
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But basically old age is losing identity of your cells, so they don't work, they forget how to work.
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That's what we think old age in my lab and stem cells have no identity.
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It was like a very early embryo.
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In between, our cells have a lot of identity.
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They function beautifully.
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We're in our 20s.
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We're at peak and what we've done is we've figured out how to go back towards youth, get these cells to work like they did again,
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get the backup copy somewhere it exists.
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We're looking for it and now cells actually behave like they did
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when we were 20 and
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if it works we're gonna have glaucoma patients seeing for the first time
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and that's the beginning of a whole cascade of drugs that I want to develop
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For diseases of aging and eventually whole body rejuvenation
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So the initial experiments are on glaucoma
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because it's a contained thing the eyeball is a contained thing And you could do it that way.
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Yeah, my student one Cheng Lu who was doing this in
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2017 I said let's do the liver Let's rejuvenate the liver
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and he said no the eye is a good idea and he was right So that's exactly why we chose that first.
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But just think about how many people have vision problems.
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It's 40 million Just in the US for glaucoma
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Macular degeneration is even more and in the lab we can cure
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that as well in the mice now macular degeneration and
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Glaucoma these are diseases of aging right you would say or glaucoma is a disease Oh, yeah What about people that have had eyeball injuries
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and things like is there a backup copy of the eyeball where you could sort of reformat the eyeball structure?
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You should come work in my lab at least come visit.
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I would love to visit.
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And the reason I say that is that's the exact question that we're asking.
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Mmm.
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We showed that even if you injure say a nerve
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whether it's peripheral on in your arm or in your brain or in the eye like the optic nerve
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we can regrow those back to where they were.
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And actually in 2020, on the cover of Nature magazine, there was the picture of an eye.
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And in the paper we published, you could see the nerves regrowing back.
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And so we think that injury is also treatable.
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Actually, a group in China just took out technology, this OSK stuff, put it into mice that had bad joints, and it regrew their muscle and their bone back to normal.
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Whoa.
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And so we're also looking at treating injury, back injury joints, osteoarthritis.
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That would be phenomenal, because there's so many people that are suffering from arthritis.
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I know so many people with injuries, like martial arts injuries.
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I have one my left knee is fucked up.
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It's annoying.
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I keep it together I've got it like main I maintain it, but it's always an issue I have to stay on it.
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I and there's little you can do like stem cells a little bit of relief
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But not stem cells give you relief
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But not when once you're dealing with cartilage damage
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And you're dealing with the I had a meniscus surgery where they took out a piece of my meniscus
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and I had my ACL Reconstructed on that knee as well.
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It's it's just an issue
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But it works pretty good for like what it should be like if we were living in the 1930s.
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I'd be a cripple
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You know hang in there
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because we're gonna be in a world where you can rebuild parts of the body including joints The problem with
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that is like how does that apply to athletics?
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We're gonna have fucking super soldiers in every sport There's gonna be people in every sport
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that could do what Michael Jordan didn't like leap from halfway across the basketball court and dunk
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That's probably coming and there may be DNA tests to see if you've got these OSK genes inserted.
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And we're working on it, working on a drink and a pill as well.
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A drink and a pill?
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Yeah, I mean we're now eight years ahead of what the public realizes.
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Really?
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In my lab at Harvard, yeah.
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A drink and a pill, and what's a drink and a pill gonna do?
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Well, right now it's in mice, so we've still got a ways to go, but when we give the drink to mice, they get rejuvenated.
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You just give it to 80 year olds.
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If you're on the way out, like, let's fucking go.
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Like, give it a chance.
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Well, this is what the FDA is for.
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They forbid that.
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Yeah, that's why we need to get rid of them.
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Get rid of the FDA and just give it to old people.
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If I was an old guy, and I was like, hanging in there, and I'm walking around with a...
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And you're like, look, this drink and a pill might kill you, or you might be like a 30-year-old again.
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I'm like, let's fucking go!
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Let's fucking go!
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Well, I get emails a lot.
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I've had to take my emails off public access, Because there's a lot of people that want this.
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Oh, I'm sure there was one guy
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that wouldn't leave The building until he saw me so it's getting to that point Yeah, there's a little bit of that right people get a little selfish like it's all about them.
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Yeah, and actually the US
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Government blocked an investment from a foreign country into one of my companies because they were afraid of super soldiers
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What country well they're afraid of technology getting out Which which country could I guess?
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Sure.
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China!
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It wasn't. Was it?
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No. Russia?
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It was somewhere in between here and China.
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Oh, well that's pretty vague.
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It's a little, uh, it's a little sensitive.
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But yeah, the US government does have the ability to block foreign investment and they did in this case.
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160 million bucks they blocked.
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Wow.
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That was a painful episode.
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So they were worried that people were gonna actually engineer super soldiers.
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Thank you.
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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ B2 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “The Latest Developments in Age Reversal Research” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: cell, eye, genes วิดีโอนี้มี 210 ประโยค และ 2411 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 13:21 ผู้พูดพูดเร็ว ประมาณ 181 คำต่อนาที จึงมีการเชื่อมเสียงและลดเสียงค่อนข้างมาก 83% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| pill คำนาม | /pɪl/ | ยาเม็ด, เม็ด |
| eyeball คำนาม | /ˈaɪ.bɔl/ | ลูกตา |
| scratch คำกริยา | /skɹæt͡ʃ/ | เกา |
| nerve คำนาม | /nɝv/ | เส้นประสาท, ประสาท |
| cartilage คำนาม | /ˈkɑɹ.təl.ɪd͡ʒ/ | กระดูกอ่อน |
| embryo คำนาม | /ˈɛmbɹi.oʊ/ | เอ็มบริโอ |
| enclose คำกริยา | /ɪnˈkloʊz/ | ปิด |
| heresy คำนาม | /ˈhɛɹəsi/ | มิจฉาทิฐิ |
| inject คำกริยา | /ɪnˈd͡ʒɛkt/ | ฉีดยา |
| listener คำนาม | /ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/ | ผู้ฟัง |
| arthritis คำนาม | /ɑːˈθɹ(a)ɪtɪs/ | ข้ออักเสบ |
| forbid คำกริยา | /fɚˈbɪd/ | ห้าม, ปราม |
| coma คำนาม | /ˈkoʊmə/ | โคม่า |
| pinch คำกริยา | /pɪnt͡ʃ/ | หยิก |
| particle คำนาม | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | อนุภาค |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| come back คำกริยา | กลับมา |
| go back คำกริยา | กลับไป |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- How do you pick the people to get on these tests?
- You know what I mean?
- We're going to get younger again.
- I shouldn't call them cells.
- If that's how you actually look at people?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + กริยา — นิสัยหรือสภาพในอดีตที่ตอนนี้ไม่เป็นแล้ว | used to be · used to use · used to put |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | has come · we've done · have never held |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | be accepted · be rebooted · is fucked |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | zero, which is · identity, which is |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 63 ครั้ง เช่น we're, don't, you're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/, arthritis /ɑːˈθɹ(a)ɪtɪs/, athletic /æθˈlɛt.ɪk/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: degeneration /dɪˌdʒɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/, martial /ˈmɑɹʃəl/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, occupation /ˌɑkjʊˈpeɪʃən/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: degeneration /dɪˌdʒɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/, rejuvenate /ɹɪˈd͡ʒuːvəneɪt/, deservedly /dɪˈzɜːvɪdli/, domesticate /dəˈmɛ.stɪ.keɪt/, pathogenic /pæθəˈd͡ʒɛnɪk/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: capsule /ˈkæps(ə)l/, pill /pɪl/, eyeball /ˈaɪ.bɔl/, reversal /ɹɪˈvɜː(ɹ)səl/, scratch /skɹæt͡ʃ/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: reversal /ɹɪˈvɜː(ɹ)səl/, nerve /nɝv/, rejuvenate /ɹɪˈd͡ʒuːvəneɪt/, bravely /ˈbɹeɪvli/, deservedly /dɪˈzɜːvɪdli/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: deservedly /dɪˈzɜːvɪdli/, enclose /ɪnˈkloʊz/, optimize /ˈɑptɪmaɪz/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง pill, eyeball, scratch เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ