Shadowing Practice: Pharmaceutical Industry Overview | Pharma and Biotech: Distinctions | Understanding Pharmaceuticals - Learn English Speaking with Video
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So pharmaceutical industry.
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The pharmaceutical industry is really quite a vast network of companies.
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About 50% of the global pharmaceutical companies are located in the United States,
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and about 40% of them are located in Western Europe.
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The other 10% are scattered about the world,
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and these are just a few of the major players of the pharmaceutical industry companies like Genentech, Amgen, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi, Aventus,
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and Novartis really make up a lot of the big players in that space.
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Approximately 1.7 to 1.9 million people work in the pharmaceutical industry worldwide.
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That's a lot of people
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and it gives you a sense of the scope of the industry out there in the broader economy.
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Let me see if this will advance here.
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The pharmaceutical industry has gone through a lot of transitions and a lot of development over the past couple of centuries.
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Back in the 19th century, the pharmaceutical industry started coming into its heyday.
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Given the need for countries to treat wounded soldiers and struggle with pandemic diseases,
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vaccines, antibiotics, and other kinds of treatments were created so
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that people could have a better quality of life and overcome some of these illnesses.
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Things like the flu and diphtheria,
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tetanus, rabies, and other kinds of issues seem to predominate the early 19th and late 19th century.
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Then going into the 20th century, we ended up with things like antibiotics, insulin, a global scale, flu vaccines, polio, and so forth.
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And today in the 21st century, we're starting to get into the world of targeted therapies,
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where now we're no longer dealing with just large-scale epidemic-type diseases,
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but we're now dealing with more boutique diseases, where we have diseases that make up very much smaller portions of the population,
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but have every bit as devastating an impact on those groups.
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And so as we move into the 21st century, the pharmaceutical industry will take on a bigger, broader perspective.
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We will be penetrating into more parts of the global economy.
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Well, typically, when one thinks of the pharmaceutical industry, there are several kinds of divisions.
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We have the traditional large-scale pharmaceutical companies.
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that design develop commercialize and deploy pharmaceuticals then there are the newcomers to the business
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which are biotechnology companies these are companies that deal with biological therapies
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and biological treatments and then there are generic manufacturers once drugs become
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available and are off patent then income other companies to try to offer the same medications at a reduced cost,
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thus reducing the amount that consumers have to pay at the cash register.
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And so there are some important distinctions between these various kinds of companies.
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For example, traditional pharmaceutical companies spend a lot of time developing and discovering new drugs.
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So too do biotechnology companies.
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A lot of money, a lot of time, a lot of research goes into understanding what kind of drugs and opportunities there are out there for development of drugs,
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and then the process for turning it into a commercialized product that can be sold on the open market.
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Biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical companies then also create diagnostic tools
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that can be used to help assess and understand the extent of the diseases
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and the extent to which the treatments they're offering are actually making a difference.
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Generic manufacturers, on the other hand, worry about making exact copies of what used to be once novel products in a space,
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but they are limited in terms of their scope.
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They do not come up with new drugs.
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They're not in the business of developing new drugs.
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They're in the business of manufacturing existing drugs, but doing it on a much cheaper scale.
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Now, there's a reason for generics appearing on the scene, and they usually appear on the scene much later than the pharmaceutical companies,
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because the pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies have legal rights that we'll talk about here in just a moment.
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Thank you.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Pharmaceutical Industry Overview” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: pharmaceutical, companies, industry, drugs, diseases. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 48 cümle ve 652 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:08 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 127 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| biotechnology isim | /ˌbaɪ.oʊˌtɛkˈnɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | biyoteknoloji |
| antibiotic isim | /ˌæn.taɪ.baɪˈɑ.tɪk/ | antibiyotik |
| locate fiil | /ˈloʊˌkeɪt/ | yerleştirmek |
| vaccine isim | /vækˈsin/ | aşı |
| diphtheria isim | /dɪfˈθɪɹ.i.ə/ | difteri |
| newcomer isim | /ˈn(j)uˌkʌmɚ/ | yeni gelen |
| rabies isim | /ˈɹeɪ.biːz/ | kuduz |
| scatter fiil | /ˈskætɚ/ | dağılmak, yaymak |
| tetanus isim | /ˈtɛt.ən.əs/ | tetanos, kazıklı humma |
| boutique isim | /buˈtik/ | butik |
| penetrate fiil | /ˈpɛnɪtɹeɪt/ | sokmak |
| epidemic isim | /ˌɛpɪˈdɛmɪk/ | salgın |
| insulin isim | /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ | insülin |
| diagnostic sıfat | /ˌdaɪ.əɡˈnɑ.stɪk/ | tanılayıcı, tanısal |
| assess fiil | /əˈsɛs/ | değerlendirmek |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı they're, we're, we'll gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 7 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: pharmaceutical /ˌfɑː.məˈs(j)uː.tɪ.kl̩/, biotechnology /ˌbaɪ.oʊˌtɛkˈnɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, commercialize /kəˈmɚʃəˌlaɪz/, antibiotic /ˌæn.taɪ.baɪˈɑ.tɪk/, diphtheria /dɪfˈθɪɹ.i.ə/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: newcomer /ˈn(j)uˌkʌmɚ/, predominate /pɹɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/, scatter /ˈskætɚ/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: antibiotic /ˌæn.taɪ.baɪˈɑ.tɪk/, vaccine /vækˈsin/, scatter /ˈskætɚ/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; biotechnology, antibiotic, locate gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.