Shadowing Practice: Three Ways to Destroy the Universe - Learn English Speaking with Video
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One day the universe will die.
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But why? And how? And will the universe be dead forever?
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And how do we know that?
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First of all, the universe is expanding.
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And not only that, the rate of its expansion is accelerating.
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The reason: dark energy.
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Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that scientists believe permeates the universe.
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Until 1998 we thought that the universe must work a bit like a ball that you throw into the sky.
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The ball moves up, but at some point it has to come down again.
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But the expansion of the universe is actually speeding up.
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That’s like throwing a ball up and watching it fly away faster and faster and faster.
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Where is this acceleration coming from?
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Well, we don’t know, but we call it “dark energy”.
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Einstein thought of it first and then decided it was stupid.
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Now, astrophysicists have decided it is plausible.
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Trouble is, this is all very theoretical, and we don’t actually know what the properties of dark energy are.
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But there are various theories and they lead us to three scenarios for the end of the universe.
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One: the Big Rip.
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Since its birth, the universe has been expanding.
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For unknown reasons new spaces created everywhere equally.
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The space between galaxies expands, so they move apart.
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The space inside galaxies also expands, but here, gravity is strong enough to keep them together.
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In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion accelerates up to a point where space expands so fast that gravity can’t compensate for this effect anymore.
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The result is a Big Rip.
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At first, only large structures like galaxies are torn apart, since space between the single objects expands very fast.
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Next, big bodies like black holes, stars, and planets die.
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Their gravity isn’t strong enough to keep them together, so they dissolve into their components.
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In the end, space would expand faster than the speed of light.
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Atoms would now be affected, and they would just disband.
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Once space is expanding faster than light, no particle in the universe can interact with any other particle anymore.
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The universe would dissolve into countless lonely particles that won’t be able to touch anything else in a strange, timeless universe.
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Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely!
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Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze.
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In a nutshell, the difference between the Big Rip and heat death is that in a heat death scenario matter stays intact and is converted over an incredibly long but finite period of time into radiation, while the universe expands forever.
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But how does this work? Let’s talk about entropy.
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Every system tends towards the state of highest entropy, like when we have a latte macchiato.
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Initially, it has different regions, but over time, they will cool down and disintegrate, until it’s uniform.
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And this also applies to the universe.
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So, while the universe gets bigger and bigger, matters slowly decays and spreads out.
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At some point, after lots of generations of stars, all the gas clouds necessary to form stars will be exhausted, so the universe will turn dark.
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The remaining suns will die; black holes will slowly degenerate and evaporate over trillions of years due to what’s known as Hawking radiation.
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When this process is complete, only a dilute gas of photons and light particles remains, until even this decays.
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All activity in the universe ceases at this point; entropy is at its maximum and the universe is dead forever.
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Unless… theoretically, it might be possible that after an incredibly long amount of time, there might be a spontaneous entropy decrease as a result of something called “quantum tunneling”, leading to a new Big Bang.
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Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce.
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This is the most uplifting scenario.
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If there is less dark energy than we think or it decreases over time, gravity will be the dominating force in the universe one day.
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In a few trillion years, the rate of expansion of the universe will slow down and stop.
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After that, it reverses.
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Galaxies will race at each other, merging as the universe becomes smaller and smaller.
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Since a smaller universe also means a hotter universe, temperatures rise everywhere all at once.
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One hundred thousand years before the Big Crunch, background radiation would be hotter than the surfaces of the most stars, which means that they would be cooked from the outside.
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Minutes before the Big Crunch happens, atom cores are ripped apart, before supermassive black holes devour everything.
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Finally, all black holes would emerge into a supermassive mega-black hole that contains the entire mass of the universe, and in the last moment before the Big Crunch it would devour the universe, including itself.
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The Big Bounce theory states that this has happened a lot of times and that the universe goes through an infinite cycle of expansion and contraction.
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Well, wouldn’t that be nice?
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So what will actually happen to the universe in the end?
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At the moment, heat death seems the most likely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the universe will start over and over again.
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We don't know for sure either way, so let’s just assume the most uplifting theory is true.
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By the way, we have a Twitter account.
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Subtitles by the Amara.org community
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C2 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Three Ways to Destroy the Universe” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: universe, space, expand, dark, expansion. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 61 cümle ve 883 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 6:15 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 141 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| entropy isim | /ˈɛntɹəpi/ | entropi |
| particle isim | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | parçacık |
| accelerate fiil | /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/ | hızlandırmak |
| atom isim | /ˈætəm/ | atom |
| astrophysicist isim | /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | astrofizikçi |
| degenerate sıfat | /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/ | dejenere, yoz |
| photon isim | /ˈfəʊtɒn/ | foton |
| subtitle isim | /ˈsʌbtaɪtəl/ | altyazı |
| spontaneous sıfat | /spɑnˈteɪ.ni.əs/ | kendiliğinden, spontan |
| acceleration isim | /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/ | tacil |
| merge fiil | /mɝd͡ʒ/ | birleştirmek, birleşmek |
| finite sıfat | /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/ | sınırlı |
| compensate fiil | /ˈkɑm.pənˌseɪt/ | zararını karşılamak (indemnify), hakkını vermek |
| exhaust fiil | /ɪɡˈzɔst/ | salmak, eritmek |
| dominate fiil | /ˈdɑ.məˌneɪt/ | hükmetmek |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| come down fiil | düşmek | |
| cool down fiil | /kuːl ˈdaʊn/ | serinlemek, serinleşmek |
| slow down fiil | yavaşlamak | |
| speed up fiil | /spiːdˈʌp/ | hızlanmak, hızlandırmak |
| start over fiil | baştan başlamak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | are torn · be affected · is converted |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have decided · has happened |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, can't, isn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 7 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, nutshell /ˈnʌt.ʃɛl/, acceleration /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡɹeɪt/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: plausible /ˈplɑ.zɪ.bəl/, spontaneous /spɑnˈteɪ.ni.əs/, quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: atom /ˈætəm/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, contraction /kənˈtɹækʃ(ə)n/, disband /dɪsˈbænd/, evaporate /ɪˈvæp.ə.ɹeɪt/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; entropy, particle, accelerate gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.