Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: What is This $3BN Machine Under New York?

Okay, so here we go.

Ideas for another video on a big New York project.

Let's see what we've got.

Penn Station rebuild.

Yep, that's on the right track.

JFK's multi-billion dollar upgrade.

Yeah, I can see that one really taking off.

Oh, what's that?

Oh, must be in the wrong folder.

Ignore that.

Next up, a new skyscraper.

Yeah, love a New York skyscraper.

Oh, hang on a minute, there it is again.

Is that Long Island?

Okay, I'm curious now.

What is that thing?

Well, I was going to ask you guys to guess, but unless you're a nuclear physicist, then you probably won't know,

because this right here is a particle accelerator in New York.

And it's been there for more than quarter of a century.

Right on the doorstep of the world's most famous city.

But not anymore, because this spectacular contraption is now being shut down and replaced with something even crazier.

It's not often that a science megaproject creates an international media storm, but that's exactly what happened in 2008

when the completion of the Large Hadron Collider saw news trucks

from all over the world descend on Geneva for the official switch-on.

Everyone was fascinated by the idea of smashing subatomic particles together

in a massive underground ring to simulate what happened at the dawn of our universe.

And I mean, who didn't find that interesting at the time?

Especially because of some of the more colourful theories that were going around.

It could recreate the Big Bang and we'd all get sucked into this black hole.

It is possible, although it's extremely unlikely that CERN could create mini black holes.

Which is the worst type of black hole, because we'll all get drawn slowly towards Switzerland.

But none of that should have been a concern, because scientists in America were already conducting similar experiments and had been for years,

just on a much smaller scale.

As far as we're aware, no one got imploded, vaporised or teleported to another dimension.

Or maybe that's what they wanted us to think.

Anyway, it's called the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider,

or RHIC, and began operation in 2000 at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.

It's one of 17 federally funded research institutions that operate under the US Department of Energy spread across the country.

Again, it involved colliding particles together in a huge ring-shaped tunnel at almost light speed.

can clearly see that ring-shaped tunnel when you look down from above.

Like the Large Hadron Collider,

its purpose was to effectively recreate the conditions that occurred right after the Big Bang almost 14 billion years ago.

It did this by firing two beams of ions in opposite directions around the 3.8km ring

and smashing them together using over a thousand superconducting magnets.

These ions would typically be uranium nuclei or something similar,

even gold, and the machine would have them collide together in one of two spots.

We're referring to the gigantic detectors, named star and sphenix, where all the data is collected.

When the ions hit each other, they reached temperatures that were around 250,000 times higher than the core of our sun.

That's about 4 trillion degrees Celsius.

It caused them to effectively melt, releasing the tiny building blocks that form protons and neutrons,

as well as the glue-like substance that binds them together.

They're known as quarks and gluons.

What a relativistic heavy ion collider, or what we call RIC,

was trying to understand What was the state of matter just before the quarks and gluons started forming those protons and neutrons?

So what was the state of the universe when these quarks

and gluons were free to roam around in the available space of the universe?

Some pretty heavy stuff, I'm sure you'd agree.

The reason they often use gold, which might seem unnecessarily expensive at first, is because it's actually one of the heaviest common elements.

It means it's packed with protons and neutrons, which increases the chance of a collision, one that would create a quark-gluon plasma.

It's another name for the type of matter that existed at the time period Abbe was referring to.

Somewhere between one millionth and one trillionth of a second after the Big Bang.

That form of matter where quarks and gluons are free to move around was something

that we had never seen before Rick came along.

So the questions for Rick were about what is that form of matter, how does it behave, what are its properties, so that's what Rick was doing.

Once the universe expanded and cooled, this plasma transformed to become the ordinary visible matter that makes up pretty much everything we know today.

Now imagine all of that's happening inside a tunnel where particles

collide at extreme temperatures covered with a radiation shield made of sand and earth.

It's the kind of place where things have to be done really carefully

and even the process of tunnelling itself can be incredibly hazardous.

With all the fast-paced drilling and grinding, as well as the atmosphere inside, exposure to dust, like silica, is very common.

Being able to monitor dust exposure in real time

and introduce control measures would certainly make me feel better about working in a tunnel.

I've been in many of them in all different countries around the world

and I know just how dusty those places can be.

That's where Trolloc's Air X range can help.

The Air XD dust monitor calculates the levels of dust in the air and the size of the particles, alerting workers if limits have been reached.

The air excess, meanwhile, can distinguish respirable crystalline silica from total dust loads.

All of Trollocs' freestanding transportable monitors feature a stainless steel casing with an IP66 rated enclosure,

which protects the housing from water, environmental contaminants and dust.

device menus, an industrial grade keypad and a display with an RGB backlight make it really easy to use as well.

They even have a data platform which provides both live

and historic data of all the dust levels your monitor has picked up since you started with it

and it's completely free to use.

So with Trolex you can identify the extent of a hazard, keep it under control quickly and cost effectively and most importantly keep your teams safe.

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So now we know what to do about dust particles, let's go back to the world of particle physics.

If your brain hasn't melted like one of those ions by now, then all this talk of protons and neutrons might sound a bit familiar.

It's

because regular viewers of the B1M are going to recall my

trip to Sweden where I went inside a neutron research facility under construction called the European Spallation Source.

Imagining something as tiny as a neutron was difficult enough, but now we're talking about the bits and pieces that exist inside those.

RHIC was the first to prove how this plasma, that appeared after the Big Bang, behaved more like a liquid than a gas,

which is what many scientists thought at the time.

Then when the much bigger Large Hadron Collider came along a few years later, it was able to build on these findings by carrying out higher energy experiments.

So while CERN may have become one of the world's best known scientific organisations thanks to the LHC,

it was Brookhaven where most of the early breakthroughs were made.

But it didn't all begin with the RHIC.

Just south of that giant ring is a smaller one, where the world's leading particle accelerator at the time was launched in 1960.

100

This huge and complex machine, one half mile in circumference,

101

is housed in an earth-covered tunnel in order to shield people and sensitive equipment from the radiation present during operation.

102

Called the alternating gradient synchrotron, it was capable of shooting out protons at much higher energies than previously possible.

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In fact, AGS was so successful that three Nobel Prizes were awarded off the back of it, and it's still in use today.

104

Those ions that were sent into the RHIC machine came from the synchrotron,

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and it also provides particle beams to NASA's Space Radiation Laboratory on the same site.

106

As for RHIC itself, well, construction for what became that took place in the 1970s,

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but it was actually meant for a completely different project that actually never completed.

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That was called Isabel, and a decent amount of progress had been made, including excavating a tunnel before the project ran into trouble.

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Problems with the superconducting magnets proved to be too great, and the whole scheme was cancelled just five years after it started.

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A year later, it was suggested that the tunnel

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and the parts already made that were usable could be used to create another accelerator.

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And that would turn out to be RHIC, which began its first experiments almost two decades after Isabel was scrapped.

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For more than 25 years, particles were being smashed together, while most New Yorkers didn't even realise it was there.

114

That was until early 2026, when scientists decided they'd done all they could with RHIC and it was permanently switched off.

115

Today we're doing something rare in science.

116

We are closing one of the most successful research facilities ever built by the US Department of Energy.

117

Basically, it had fulfilled its mission.

118

It had created plasma and researchers had spent years studying it.

119

And yet there were still questions that hadn't been addressed that only a new collider could answer.

120

The main one being how the quarks and gluons,

121

– those ingredients that are found inside protons and neutrons – are actually structured and what binds them together.

122

That's what RHIC's replacement, the Electron-Ion Collider, is going to set out to achieve.

123

Now unsurprisingly, based on its name, it's going to be colliding electrons with ions, the only accelerator in the world capable of doing so.

124

Quarks and other particles are scattered off of the target nucleus and are then picked up by a new detector.

125

where the results of those collisions are going to be, yes, you guessed it, detected.

126

It allows teams to study the forces generated

127

and uncover some of those secrets about quarks and gluons that continue to elude us,

128

including one that follows on from the LHC's most famous discovery, the Higgs boson.

129

That's the particle that gives all other fundamental particles, like quarks, their mass.

130

But when they come together to form a proton, these quarks only account for a small percentage of the proton's overall mass.

131

As for the rest… That is where the electron ion collider comes into picture.

132

LHC determines and explains 2% or 5% of the mass of the universe.

133

That gluon interaction is critical and unless we understand that, we won't understand the remaining 95% of the mass.

134

It's a tricky task, which is why it goes without saying that building particle accelerators is not an easy thing to do.

135

But much like its predecessor, EIC already has a head start.

136

Brookhaven plans to use much of the existing infrastructure, including RHIC's giant tunnel, although they are going to need to make some big changes on the inside.

137

Because it'll still be using ions, one of the two rings is staying where it is, while the second is being replaced with a ring that fires electrons.

138

It'll work in a similar way to its predecessor, with ions shooting off one way and electrons going in the other direction before they collide at a specific point,

139

which will be right here.

140

At the EPIC detector.

141

No, that's not just me calling it an epic detector, it's really what the B&L have named it.

142

Just this one part of the machine is going to be bigger than an American school bus.

143

Inside will be the 10-metre-long barrel detector, as well as additional instruments that will extend 45 meters in each direction down the beamline.

144

I just want to stop there for a moment to appreciate something that I think you guys might have just noticed.

145

That is a physical model of the detector that's clearly had a lot of effort put into it.

146

There are even little figures of scientists standing around chatting about clever stuff.

147

This guy looks like he's pondering something very important.

148

10 out of 10 guys, I absolutely love this.

149

No notes.

150

Other additions include the electron accelerator, complete with a new source for generating those particles built off to one site.

151

Then you've got the buildings that are going to be needed to supply and amplify power.

152

Plus, they might choose to add a second detector later on.

153

It's just a possibility at the moment.

154

While the RHIC had been offline for just a matter of weeks when we spoke to Abe, his team had wasted no time in getting started with the disassembly.

155

One of the rings of the rig has already been disconnected, there is no power on it,

156

and we are systematically taking each magnet out and placing it in the storage area.

157

So some magnets are moving from one part of the rig

158

to another part of the rig to be useful in the future, operations of the Electron-Ion Collider.

159

So that's the biggest activity which is going on right now.

160

More than a thousand magnets used on the RHIC are going to be retained in total, along with the same ion source,

161

meaning that the AGS won't be going into retirement itself for a little while yet.

162

Support buildings, roads, electrical and refrigeration facilities, they're all being carried over to the EIC as well.

163

In total, the EIC complex is going to comprise 34 buildings, covering over 34,000 square kilometres.

164

And for those of you desperate to find out what that is in American football fields, the answer is this – approximately six and a half of them.

165

Add in 42 substations to that, along with 15 cooling towers, 28 chiller units, five miles of tunnel piping,

166

and you've got a pretty comprehensive system to try and figure out.

167

The new collider is expected to cost almost $3 billion,

168

and that's on top of the $2 billion that was already invested in RHIC's infrastructure.

169

It's not going to be a quick job either.

170

The timeline doesn't have the machine operating until the mid-2030s.

171

You see, while there's a lot less to do than if they were starting completely from scratch, this is still going to be one of the most complicated projects on the planet.

172

We're talking about components that are incredibly specialised because nothing like this exists anywhere else.

173

And it's not really the kind of thing you want to rush.

174

Fortunately, BNL isn't working entirely on its own here.

175

Currently we have institutions from around the world,

176

forming about 1600 to 1800 people who are interested in coming and working with us.

177

And this is going to grow before we start operating.

178

We're going to go at least, I'm guessing, one and a half or two times larger by the time we start running the collider.

179

But roughly it is 50% US and 50% rest of the world.

180

So it is truly an international endeavour." Several of the partner firms are supplying it with high-tech components too.

181

For example, these huge magnets

182

that were once part of the Advanced Photon Source at Argon National Laboratory in Illinois are being repurposed for the new collider.

183

It'll represent the next leap forward in particle physics, and even when more advanced accelerators are being built in the future,

184

they'll likely be influenced in some way by the EIC.

185

And this doesn't just all mean bigger, fancier toys for the scientists to play with.

186

The upgrades being made here could lead to improved particle beams that are used to fight cancer,

187

or to enhance the accelerators that are used to design computer chips, or to advance new forms of clean energy.

188

If you're thinking

189

that spending time exploring the origins of our universe isn't really

190

a top priority given every other challenge we've got coming at us in 2026, then bear in mind that this stuff really could fundamentally change our world,

191

and it's hard not to get inspired by that.

192

Thanks again to TrollX for sponsoring today's video.

193

Don't forget you can click the link below

194

or scan the QR code on screen to see how TrollX can help elevate your site safety today.

195

And as always guys, if you enjoyed this video and you want to get more from the definitive video channel for construction, make sure you're subscribed to the B1M.

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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Bài luyện nói trình độ C1 này dựa trên video “What is This $3BN Machine Under New York?”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: particle, ion, collider. Video này có 195 câu và 2780 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 17:34. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 158 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. Chỉ 80% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

Từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa
particle danh từ	/ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/	hạt
quark danh từ	/kwɑɹk/	quắc
neutron danh từ	/ˈnu.tɹɑn/	nơtron
proton danh từ	/ˈpɹoʊ.tɑn/	proton
magnet danh từ	/ˈmæɡ.nɪt/	nam châm
collide động từ	/kəˈlaɪd/	đụng nhau
electron danh từ	/ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/	ê-léc-trông, điện tử
plasma danh từ	/ˈplæzmə/	điện tương, plat-ma
skyscraper danh từ	/ˈskaɪˌskɹeɪpɚ/	nhà chọc trời
melt động từ	/mɛlt/	tan, tan chảy
behave động từ	/bɪˈheɪv/	cư xử
kilometre danh từ	/kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/	cây số, kilômet
usable tính từ	/ˈjuː.zə.bəl/	dùng được, khả dụng
nucleus danh từ	/ˈnuː.kli.əs/	hạt nhân
gigantic tính từ	/d͡ʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/	khổng lồ

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Từ	Nghĩa
pick up động từ	nhặt, lượm
shut down động từ	tắt nguồn
switch off động từ	tắt
take off động từ	bỏ

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:

Let's see what we've got.
Some pretty heavy stuff, I'm sure you'd agree.
Today we're doing something rare in science.

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	being shut · was fascinated · is collected
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại	it's been · I've been · have been reached
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	task, which is · activity which is · people who are

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 40 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ we're, didn't, I'm. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

Âm “sh” và “zh”: smash /smæʃ/, enclosure /ɛnˈkloʊʒəɹ/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/
Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: accelerator /əkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪ.tɚ/, relativistic /ˈɹɛl.ə.təˌvɪst.ɪk/, synchrotron /ˈsɪŋkɹə(ʊ)tɹɒn/, predecessor /ˈpɹɛd.ə.sɛs.ɚ/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/

Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:

Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: quark /kwɑɹk/, bind /ˈbaɪ̯nd/, melt /mɛlt/, ingredient /ɪnˈɡɹiːdi.ənt/, rebuild /ɹiːˈbɪld/
Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: enclosure /ɛnˈkloʊʒəɹ/, gigantic /d͡ʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, collision /kəˈlɪʒn̩/, fortunately /ˈfɔɹ.t͡ʃə.nɪt.li/
Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: magnet /ˈmæɡ.nɪt/, plasma /ˈplæzmə/, smash /smæʃ/, scan /skæn/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/

Cách luyện với video này

Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như particle, quark, neutron.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Ngữ pháp trong video

Phát âm cần chú ý

Cách luyện với video này

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?