Shadowing Practice: Will YouTube Ever Run Out Of Video IDs? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Every YouTube video has a unique ID.
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It's up there in the URL, a string of 11 characters that uniquely identifies which video you want.
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Now, YouTube has millions and millions of videos.
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The last stats that they released said that they have 400 hours of video being uploaded every minute.
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So, are they ever going to run out of those IDs?
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Well, to find out, let's talk about counting systems.
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People count in base ten.
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Zero to nine.
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That'll be, hopefully, familiar to you.
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Computers count in base two, in binary.
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But that's difficult for humans to read.
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It gets too long to write really, really quickly.
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So, often computers will display it in base sixteen.
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Hexadecimal.
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You have zero to nine, and then A to F, and then you start adding to the next column.
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Humans can't understand that easily, but it's efficient if we have to type it in somewhere.
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And sixteen, two to the power of four, is also easy for computers to deal with.
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So how about base 64?
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That'd be a ridiculous counting system, right?
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Except 64 is another one of those easy numbers for computers.
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It is 2 to the power of 6.
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And humans can get to 64 very easily.
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0 to 9, then capital letters A to Z, then small letters A to Z, and two other characters.
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Most Base64 uses slash and plus, but they don't work so well in URLs, so YouTube uses hyphen and underscore.
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That YouTube URL, that unique ID, is really just a random number in Base64.
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They could have picked Base10 or Base16, but they didn't.
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They went with 64, because it will let you cram a huge number into a small space
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and still make it vaguely human-readable.
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Author and programmer Sam Hughes, by the way, pushed this to the limit and invented base 65,536,
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which includes basically every character from every language.
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It is ridiculous and unnecessary, but when has that ever stopped programmers?
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So, why didn't YouTube just start counting at one and work up?
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Well, first, they would have to synchronise their counting between all the servers handling the video uploads.
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Or they'd have to assign each server a block of numbers.
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Either way, there's a lot of tracking to do, a lot of making sure that it's never duplicated.
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Instead, they just generate a random number for each video, see if it's already taken, and if not, use it.
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And secondly, it is a really, really bad idea to just count one, two, three, or so on in URLs.
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Incremental counters, as they're called, can be a big security flaw.
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If you see video 283 up there, then you might wonder, what's video 284?
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Or video 282?
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It's easy to enumerate, as it's called, to run through the entire list.
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YouTube unlisted videos, the ones that don't appear publicly, but that you can send a link to people, those wouldn't work.
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And by the way, lots of badly designed sites do use incremental counters and it is a terrible idea.
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It might tell your competitors exactly how many customers you have, because they can just count them.
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It might let people download all your records easily, because they can just run through them.
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And in one site that someone in Florida emailed me about this week, it lets you look at other people's personal details.
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Don't use incremental counters.
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If you're building a website, use a random number.
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Which brings me to the question, just how big are the numbers that YouTube uses?
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Well, let's work it out.
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One character of base 64 lets you have 64 ID numbers.
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Two characters, that is 64 by 64, or 4096.
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Three characters, 64 times 64 times 64, or 64 to the power of 3, that is already more than a quarter of a million.
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And if we go to four, well, now we're above 16 million.
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If you used base 64, then you can assign an ID number to everyone who lives in London down there twice over,
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and you'll only need four characters.
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This gets big fast.
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We can keep on doing this, and by seven characters, we are already at four quadrillion.
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Now I assume that YouTube checks through a dictionary and doesn't allow any actual words to appear up there,
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particularly anything rude, but that is going to be a tiny minority of their URLs, so for our purposes, we can pretty much just ignore that.
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At YouTube's 11 characters, we are at 73 quintillion 786 quadrillion 976 trillion 294 billion 838 million 206 thousand and 464 videos.
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That is enough for every single human on planet Earth to upload a video every minute for around 18,000 years.
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YouTube planned ahead.
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Can they run out of URLs?
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Technically, yes.
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Practically, no. And if they did, they could just add one more character.
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Oh, one take!
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One take!
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Yes!
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Las palabras que más se repiten: base, character, Youtube, Url, counting. Este vídeo tiene 69 frases y 785 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:03. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 156 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 86 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| upload verbo | /ˈʌpˌloʊd/ | subir, cargar |
| programmer sustantivo | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | programador, programadora |
| assign verbo | /əˈsaɪn/ | asignar |
| enumerate verbo | /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/ | enumerar |
| hexadecimal sustantivo | /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/ | hexadecimal |
| hyphen sustantivo | /ˈhaɪ̯.f(ə̯)n̩/ | guion |
| readable adjetivo | /ˈɹiː.də.bəl/ | ameno |
| synchronize verbo | /ˈsɪŋ.kɹə.naɪːz/ | sincronizar, poner en hora |
| underscore sustantivo | /ˈʌn.dɚˌskoɹ/ | guion bajo, barra baja |
| vaguely adverbio | /ˈveɪɡli/ | vagamente, desvaídamente |
| invent verbo | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventar |
| duplicate verbo | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | duplicar |
| flaw sustantivo | /flɔ/ | falla |
| competitor sustantivo | /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/ | contrincante |
| secondly adverbio | /ˈsɛk.(ə)ndli/ | en segundo lugar |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| run through verbo | resumir |
| find out verbo | averiguar, anoticiarse |
| work up verbo | desarrollar, levantar |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 15 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, didn't, can't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: enumerate /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/, hexadecimal /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/, competitor /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: vaguely /ˈveɪɡli/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/
- /h/ — una aspiración suave, no la “j”: hexadecimal /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/, hyphen /ˈhaɪ̯.f(ə̯)n̩/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como upload, programmer, assign.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.