Pratique du Shadowing: Will YouTube Ever Run Out Of Video IDs? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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Every YouTube video has a unique ID.
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It's up there in the URL, a string of 11 characters that uniquely identifies which video you want.
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Now, YouTube has millions and millions of videos.
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The last stats that they released said that they have 400 hours of video being uploaded every minute.
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So, are they ever going to run out of those IDs?
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Well, to find out, let's talk about counting systems.
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People count in base ten.
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Zero to nine.
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That'll be, hopefully, familiar to you.
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Computers count in base two, in binary.
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But that's difficult for humans to read.
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It gets too long to write really, really quickly.
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So, often computers will display it in base sixteen.
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Hexadecimal.
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You have zero to nine, and then A to F, and then you start adding to the next column.
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Humans can't understand that easily, but it's efficient if we have to type it in somewhere.
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And sixteen, two to the power of four, is also easy for computers to deal with.
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So how about base 64?
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That'd be a ridiculous counting system, right?
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Except 64 is another one of those easy numbers for computers.
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It is 2 to the power of 6.
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And humans can get to 64 very easily.
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0 to 9, then capital letters A to Z, then small letters A to Z, and two other characters.
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Most Base64 uses slash and plus, but they don't work so well in URLs, so YouTube uses hyphen and underscore.
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That YouTube URL, that unique ID, is really just a random number in Base64.
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They could have picked Base10 or Base16, but they didn't.
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They went with 64, because it will let you cram a huge number into a small space
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and still make it vaguely human-readable.
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Author and programmer Sam Hughes, by the way, pushed this to the limit and invented base 65,536,
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which includes basically every character from every language.
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It is ridiculous and unnecessary, but when has that ever stopped programmers?
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So, why didn't YouTube just start counting at one and work up?
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Well, first, they would have to synchronise their counting between all the servers handling the video uploads.
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Or they'd have to assign each server a block of numbers.
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Either way, there's a lot of tracking to do, a lot of making sure that it's never duplicated.
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Instead, they just generate a random number for each video, see if it's already taken, and if not, use it.
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And secondly, it is a really, really bad idea to just count one, two, three, or so on in URLs.
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Incremental counters, as they're called, can be a big security flaw.
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If you see video 283 up there, then you might wonder, what's video 284?
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Or video 282?
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It's easy to enumerate, as it's called, to run through the entire list.
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YouTube unlisted videos, the ones that don't appear publicly, but that you can send a link to people, those wouldn't work.
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And by the way, lots of badly designed sites do use incremental counters and it is a terrible idea.
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It might tell your competitors exactly how many customers you have, because they can just count them.
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It might let people download all your records easily, because they can just run through them.
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And in one site that someone in Florida emailed me about this week, it lets you look at other people's personal details.
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Don't use incremental counters.
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If you're building a website, use a random number.
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Which brings me to the question, just how big are the numbers that YouTube uses?
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Well, let's work it out.
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One character of base 64 lets you have 64 ID numbers.
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Two characters, that is 64 by 64, or 4096.
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Three characters, 64 times 64 times 64, or 64 to the power of 3, that is already more than a quarter of a million.
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And if we go to four, well, now we're above 16 million.
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If you used base 64, then you can assign an ID number to everyone who lives in London down there twice over,
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and you'll only need four characters.
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This gets big fast.
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We can keep on doing this, and by seven characters, we are already at four quadrillion.
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Now I assume that YouTube checks through a dictionary and doesn't allow any actual words to appear up there,
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particularly anything rude, but that is going to be a tiny minority of their URLs, so for our purposes, we can pretty much just ignore that.
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At YouTube's 11 characters, we are at 73 quintillion 786 quadrillion 976 trillion 294 billion 838 million 206 thousand and 464 videos.
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That is enough for every single human on planet Earth to upload a video every minute for around 18,000 years.
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YouTube planned ahead.
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Can they run out of URLs?
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Technically, yes.
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Practically, no. And if they did, they could just add one more character.
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Oh, one take!
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One take!
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Yes!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : base, character, Youtube, Url, counting. Cette vidéo contient 69 phrases et 785 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:03. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 156 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| upload verbe | /ˈʌpˌloʊd/ | téléverser, télécharger |
| programmer nom | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | programmeur, programmeuse |
| assign verbe | /əˈsaɪn/ | désigner |
| enumerate verbe | /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/ | énumérer |
| hexadecimal nom | /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/ | hexadécimal |
| hyphen nom | /ˈhaɪ̯.f(ə̯)n̩/ | trait d'union, tiret |
| synchronize verbe | /ˈsɪŋ.kɹə.naɪːz/ | synchroniser |
| underscore nom | /ˈʌn.dɚˌskoɹ/ | tiret bas, souligné |
| unlist verbe | délister | |
| vaguely adverbe | /ˈveɪɡli/ | vaguement |
| invent verbe | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventer |
| duplicate verbe | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | copier, dupliquer |
| flaw nom | /flɔ/ | défaut, fissure |
| competitor nom | /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/ | compétiteur, compétitrice |
| secondly adverbe | /ˈsɛk.(ə)ndli/ | deuxièmement |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| check through verbe | laisser passer |
| find out verbe | découvrir, savoir |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 15 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, didn't, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: enumerate /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/, hexadecimal /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/, competitor /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hexadecimal /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/, hyphen /ˈhaɪ̯.f(ə̯)n̩/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, enumerate /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/, readable /ˈɹiː.də.bəl/, synchronize /ˈsɪŋ.kɹə.naɪːz/, underscore /ˈʌn.dɚˌskoɹ/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme upload, programmer, assign.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.