Shadowing Practice: Will YouTube Ever Run Out Of Video IDs? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Every YouTube video has a unique ID.
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It's up there in the URL, a string of 11 characters that uniquely identifies which video you want.
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Now, YouTube has millions and millions of videos.
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The last stats that they released said that they have 400 hours of video being uploaded every minute.
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So, are they ever going to run out of those IDs?
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Well, to find out, let's talk about counting systems.
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People count in base ten.
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Zero to nine.
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That'll be, hopefully, familiar to you.
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Computers count in base two, in binary.
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But that's difficult for humans to read.
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It gets too long to write really, really quickly.
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So, often computers will display it in base sixteen.
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Hexadecimal.
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You have zero to nine, and then A to F, and then you start adding to the next column.
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Humans can't understand that easily, but it's efficient if we have to type it in somewhere.
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And sixteen, two to the power of four, is also easy for computers to deal with.
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So how about base 64?
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That'd be a ridiculous counting system, right?
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Except 64 is another one of those easy numbers for computers.
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It is 2 to the power of 6.
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And humans can get to 64 very easily.
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0 to 9, then capital letters A to Z, then small letters A to Z, and two other characters.
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Most Base64 uses slash and plus, but they don't work so well in URLs, so YouTube uses hyphen and underscore.
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That YouTube URL, that unique ID, is really just a random number in Base64.
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They could have picked Base10 or Base16, but they didn't.
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They went with 64, because it will let you cram a huge number into a small space
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and still make it vaguely human-readable.
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Author and programmer Sam Hughes, by the way, pushed this to the limit and invented base 65,536,
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which includes basically every character from every language.
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It is ridiculous and unnecessary, but when has that ever stopped programmers?
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So, why didn't YouTube just start counting at one and work up?
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Well, first, they would have to synchronise their counting between all the servers handling the video uploads.
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Or they'd have to assign each server a block of numbers.
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Either way, there's a lot of tracking to do, a lot of making sure that it's never duplicated.
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Instead, they just generate a random number for each video, see if it's already taken, and if not, use it.
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And secondly, it is a really, really bad idea to just count one, two, three, or so on in URLs.
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Incremental counters, as they're called, can be a big security flaw.
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If you see video 283 up there, then you might wonder, what's video 284?
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Or video 282?
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It's easy to enumerate, as it's called, to run through the entire list.
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YouTube unlisted videos, the ones that don't appear publicly, but that you can send a link to people, those wouldn't work.
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And by the way, lots of badly designed sites do use incremental counters and it is a terrible idea.
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It might tell your competitors exactly how many customers you have, because they can just count them.
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It might let people download all your records easily, because they can just run through them.
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And in one site that someone in Florida emailed me about this week, it lets you look at other people's personal details.
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Don't use incremental counters.
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If you're building a website, use a random number.
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Which brings me to the question, just how big are the numbers that YouTube uses?
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Well, let's work it out.
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One character of base 64 lets you have 64 ID numbers.
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Two characters, that is 64 by 64, or 4096.
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Three characters, 64 times 64 times 64, or 64 to the power of 3, that is already more than a quarter of a million.
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And if we go to four, well, now we're above 16 million.
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If you used base 64, then you can assign an ID number to everyone who lives in London down there twice over,
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and you'll only need four characters.
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This gets big fast.
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We can keep on doing this, and by seven characters, we are already at four quadrillion.
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Now I assume that YouTube checks through a dictionary and doesn't allow any actual words to appear up there,
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particularly anything rude, but that is going to be a tiny minority of their URLs, so for our purposes, we can pretty much just ignore that.
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At YouTube's 11 characters, we are at 73 quintillion 786 quadrillion 976 trillion 294 billion 838 million 206 thousand and 464 videos.
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That is enough for every single human on planet Earth to upload a video every minute for around 18,000 years.
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YouTube planned ahead.
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Can they run out of URLs?
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Technically, yes.
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Practically, no. And if they did, they could just add one more character.
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Oh, one take!
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One take!
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Yes!
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: base, character, Youtube, Url, counting. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 69 cümle ve 785 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:03 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 156 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %86’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 13 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| programmer isim | /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/ | programcı |
| hyphen isim | /ˈhaɪ̯.f(ə̯)n̩/ | tire, kısa çizgi |
| synchronize fiil | /ˈsɪŋ.kɹə.naɪːz/ | senkronize etmek |
| underscore isim | /ˈʌn.dɚˌskoɹ/ | alt çizgi, alt tire |
| vaguely zarf | /ˈveɪɡli/ | belli belirsiz, belirsiz bir şekilde |
| invent fiil | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | icat etmek |
| duplicate fiil | /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/ | kopyalamak, kopyasını çıkarmak |
| flaw isim | /flɔ/ | çatlak, çizik |
| competitor isim | /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/ | rakip |
| binary sıfat | /ˈbaɪ.nə.ɹi/ | iki terimli, ikilik |
| dictionary isim | /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/ | sözlük, lügat |
| technically zarf | /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/ | teknik yönden |
| unnecessary sıfat | /ʌnˈnɛs.əˌsɛɹ.i/ | gereksiz, lüzumsuz |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| find out fiil | anlamak, ortaya çıkarmak |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, didn't, can't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 15 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: enumerate /ɪˈn(j)u.məˌɹeɪt/, hexadecimal /ˌhɛksəˈdɛsɪməl/, competitor /kəmˈpɛt.ɪ.tɚ/, dictionary /ˈdɪk.ʃəˌnɛ.ɹi/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, duplicate /ˈd(j)uː.plɪˌkeɪt/, flaw /flɔ/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; programmer, hyphen, synchronize gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.