Pratique du Shadowing: The Last Star in the Universe – Red Dwarfs Explained - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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One day the last star will die and the universe will turn dark forever.
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It will probably be a red dwarf, a tiny kind of star that's also one of our best bets to find alien life
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and might be the last home of humanity before the universe becomes uninhabitable.
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So what do we know about them and why are they our last hope?
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At least 70% of stars in the universe are red dwarfs.
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They are the tiniest stars out there, with only about 7-50% of the mass of our Sun.
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Not that much bigger than our planet Jupiter, which is still huge though.
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They are also very dim.
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It's impossible to see them with the naked eye.
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You've never seen one in the night sky.
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Even with all our technology, we can only clearly observe red dwarfs in our neighborhood.
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Approximately 20 of the 30 stars close to Earth are red dwarfs.
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Like all stars, red dwarfs fuse hydrogen into helium.
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But while more massive stars accumulate all the fuse helium in their cores, red dwarfs stay convective, meaning that the helium and hydrogen constantly mix.
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So they use up their fuel incredibly slowly before they're extinguished.
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Red dwarfs burn so slowly that their average lifespan is between 1 and 10 trillion years.
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By comparison, the Sun will survive for another 5 billion years.
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Because the universe is only 13.75 billion years old, not a single red dwarf has reached later development stages.
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Every single one of the trillions that exist is still a baby.
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Speaking of babies, the smallest star in the entire universe is also a red dwarf, because small red dwarfs are right on the verge of being a star at all,
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just a tiny bit less hydrogen, and they are mere brown dwarfs, failed stars that cannot sustain a fusion reaction for long.
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So what about aliens, or a new home for humanity?
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Since our sun will die one day, we'll eventually need to look for a new home.
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And where there are habitable planets, there might also be aliens.
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The Kepler Space Observatory found
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that at least half of all red dwarfs host rock planets between half and four times the mass of our Earth.
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Many of them are in the habitable zone, the area around a star where water can be liquid.
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But since red dwarfs burn at relatively cold temperatures, a planet would need to be really close to be hospitable, probably as close as Mercury to our Sun, or even closer.
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Which brings with it all kinds of problems.
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For example, a planet this close to a star would probably be tidally locked, meaning the same side would always face it.
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This side would be incredibly hot, while the shadow side would be frozen, which makes it hard for life to develop.
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Although a planet with a big enough ocean might be able to distribute the star's energy and create some kind of stability.
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All the gravitational forces of the red dwarf could squeeze the planet
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and heat it up so much that it might lose all its water over time.
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These planets could end up like Venus, a hot, burning hell.
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Another problem is that many red dwarfs vary in their energy output.
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They can be covered in star spots that can dim their emitted light by up to 40% for months, which would cause oceans on planets to freeze over.
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At other times they can emit powerful solar flares, sudden outbursts of energy incredibly powerful.
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These red dwarfs can double their brightness in minutes, which could strip away sizeable portions of a planet's atmosphere and burn it, rendering it sterile.
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On the other hand, their extremely long lifespan is a big plus.
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A red dwarf with just moderate levels of activity could be an amazing place for a planet that hosts life.
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Life on Earth has existed for about 4 billion years, and we have about a billion years left before the Sun becomes so hot that complex life on Earth will become impossible.
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We will either die out or leave Earth and look for a new home.
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We could build a civilization for potentially trillions of years around a red dwarf with the right conditions.
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About 5% of the red dwarfs in the Milky Way may host habitable, roughly Earth-sized planets.
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That would be more than 4 billion in total.
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But life may not even need a planet like Earth.
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Candidates for life around a red dwarf may be the moons of gas giants or so called super earths, really massive rocky planets.
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All in all there are an estimated 60 billion potentially habitable planets around red dwarfs and that's in the Milky Way alone.
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So red dwarfs might become really important for our survival in the future.
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But everything has to die at some point, even red dwarfs.
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When in trillions of years the life of the last red dwarf in the universe is about to end, it will not be a very spectacular event.
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As its hydrogen runs out it shrinks, becoming a blue dwarf burning out completely.
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After its fuel is spent, it's transformed into a white dwarf, an object about as small as Earth,
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packed very densely and made of degenerate gases, mostly of helium-4 nuclei.
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no more source of energy, it will cool extremely slowly over trillions of years until it becomes its final form, a cold, black dwarf.
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White and black dwarfs are so fascinating that they deserve their own video.
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Anyway, it's going to be a long time before the last stars in the universe vanish.
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It's kind of uplifting to know that if humanity succeeds in venturing into space, we have plenty of time before the universe turns out the lights.
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Our videos are made thanks to your support on Patreon.com.
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If you want to help us make more of them, we really appreciate your support.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « The Last Star in the Universe – Red Dwarfs Explained ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : dwarf, planet, star, Earth, universe. Cette vidéo contient 61 phrases et 976 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:45. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 170 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 82 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| helium nom | /ˈhiː.li.əm/ | hélium |
| hydrogen nom | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | hydrogène |
| emit verbe | /iˈmɪt/ | émettre |
| lifespan nom | /ˈlaɪf.spæn/ | durée de vie, longévité |
| fuse nom | /fjuːz/ | cordeau, mèche |
| accumulate verbe | /əˈkjuːmjʊˌleɪt/ | accumuler |
| degenerate adjectif | /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/ | dégradé, dégénéré |
| extinguish verbe | /ɪkˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/ | éteindre |
| fascinate verbe | /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ | fasciner |
| gravitational adjectif | /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/ | gravitationnel |
| hospitable adjectif | /hɑsˈpɪtəbl̩/ | hospitalier |
| outburst verbe | /ˌaʊ̯tˈbɝst/ | transport |
| sterile adjectif | /ˈstɛɹəl/ | stérile |
| uninhabitable adjectif | /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl/ | inhabitable |
| uplifting adjectif | qui met de bonne humeur, qui remonte le moral |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| die out verbe | s'éteindre |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir |
| run out verbe | épuiser, être à court |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | would be frozen · can be covered · is spent |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | You've never seen · has reached · has existed |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | Jupiter, which is · frozen, which makes |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 3 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, we'll, you've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: extinguish /ɪkˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, accumulate /əˈkjuːmjʊˌleɪt/, degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, uninhabitable /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: habitable /ˈhæbɪtəbəl/, helium /ˈhiː.li.əm/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hospitable /hɑsˈpɪtəbl̩/, uninhabitable /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtəbəl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, verge /vɜːd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, degenerate /dɪˈd͡ʒɛnəɹɪt/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/, sterile /ˈstɛɹəl/, brightness /ˈbɹaɪtnəs/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme helium, hydrogen, emit.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.