Pratique du Shadowing: Why Do We Actually Need Sleep?? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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118 phrases
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Sleeping.
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Every day you go to your bed, lie down and do nothing.
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For like eight hours.
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This is stupid.
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The time you spend doing literally nothing could be spent on so many other things.
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Like eating, drinking, exercise, getting a job, spending time remembering that time you accidentally called your teacher mum.
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But instead you're doing this.
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Why?
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Why haven't we figured out a way to not need to do this?
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What does sleep even do?
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And why do you feel sleepy?
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What is sleepy?
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Two things.
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First is the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is just your body clock.
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It relies on light to get an idea of what time it is.
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When it's day, it's chillin'.
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But when it becomes night though, your retinas in your eyes see this
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and then send messages to your body clock and it goes.. bed and then allows the release of melatonin,
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which pretty much tells the brain it's nighttime.
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And second is adenosine.
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The heck is that?
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Well all of your cells use this thing called ATP as energy, but as your body uses it, adenosine accumulates.
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This accumulation increases sleep pressure, which makes you more tired.
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So you finally climb into your bed and then you just lie there?
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Don't worry, even
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Even though you might feel like you're just lying there like a useless blob,
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your part of the brain called the hypothalamus is getting ready to send
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you into your dreamy state where you ride unicorns and eat fluffy clouds.
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During the day, your brain is constantly sending messages using all these different chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters,
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but it's being extra sure to use these special neurotransmitters to stay awake.
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But as your sleepiness builds,
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it gets to a point where it lets this thing out of the cage the ventrolateral preoptic area inside the hypothalamus,
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or VELPO for short.
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What this does is blocks all the systems in the brain
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that are making sure that it's using these neurotransmitters to stay awake, and thus gets you to fall asleep.
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So now you're sleeping like a baby.
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But again, why have we even evolved to need this absolute waste of time?
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We'll get to that.
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But first, what's happening while you're asleep?
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It's called the sleep cycle, which you've probably heard of before.
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And there's four parts to it.
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First is stage one.
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This is when you're barely asleep.
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Your awareness goes down and muscle activity relaxes.
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This is also the stage where this happens.
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That was what the pros call a hypnic jerk.
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So why does your own body give you a jump scare?
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Well, researchers think that it could be your brain reacting to a sudden relaxation in the muscles and because it's stupid,
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it interprets that as we're falling and jolts your muscles to double check.
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But they aren't actually certain, so it could be something else.
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Anyway, next is stage two, which is a light sleep.
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This is where your heart rate slows, your body temperature decreases, and muscles relax even more.
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But two other really interesting things happen here.
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Sleep spindles, which are short bursts of brain activity, and K -complexes, which are big distinctive brainwaves.
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Why?
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Well, they seem to both have roles in protecting sleep and memory processing, but again, meh.
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Then you get to stage three, deep sleep.
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This is where activity is at its lowest, and your body takes advantage of that, increasing growth hormone secretion, tissue repair,
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immune function support, and metabolic regulation.
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It also takes that opportunity to use the glymphatic systems, which is a nerdy way of saying a waste clearing system for the brain as well.
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And this is the stage where you're the most dead to the world.
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You're just there, in your bed, catching your Z's, sleeping like a baby.
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BOOM!
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REM sleep.
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All of a sudden your heart rate starts going up and down, brain activity jumps, and irregular breathing increases as well.
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REM, or rapid eye movement, is where the most vivid of your dreams happen.
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And yes, it's called rapid eye movement because your eyes are literally darting around while you sleep.
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But, if you're having a dream that you're running away from the scariest thing you can imagine,
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a job application, why don't you move in real life?
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It's called REM -a -tonia.
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Pretty much, your brainstem literally stops messages going from your brain to your skeletal muscles, while other messages for vital muscles such as your heart,
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lungs and yes your eyes are allowed through.
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But on the odd occasion it goes over time and is still stopping you from moving even when you wake up.
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That's what causes sleep paralysis.
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The thing where you're awake but you can't move.
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And yes, because of this mix -up, dreamlike processes can still intrude your awakeness.
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Hence why you sometimes can start hallucinating really scary things.
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Like that job application.
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Then you finish the cycle.
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So, you do it again.
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This whole cycle takes roughly 90 minutes.
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But that can vary depending on the person.
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And they're not even lengths either.
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Usually, earlier in the night you actually get more deep sleep, whereas later in the night you get more REM sleep.
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But then you wake up in the morning and think to yourself, why?
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Think about it though, every night you're putting yourself in a state where you are extremely vulnerable to enemies, you can't eat, you can't drink,
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you can't care for your children, you can't look for a girlfriend, you can't even fill out that job application.
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And yet evolution has gone to extreme lengths in order to preserve this strange routine.
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And when I say extreme, I mean extreme.
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Think about dolphins for instance.
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They need air to survive, but if they slept they would drown.
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So they evolved to not need sleep right?
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Nope.
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They evolved so that to sleep they shut down half of their brain
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and let that side sleep and just use the awake side and then just swap it over.
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And not just dolphins, but many birds also do this too.
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So why hasn't evolution just gotten rid of it altogether?
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Why is it so persistent on keeping sleeping?
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Well, we do know the important stuff that sleep does do.
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First, the brain needs maintenance, and it can't do it as effectively while it's awake.
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It's like trying to do maintenance in a warehouse.
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It's much easier to do it while it's empty rather than when it's full of customers.
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Second, the brain also needs to manage and sort what it learnt that day.
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Organise memories, new skills and get rid of old ones.
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Again, it seems that it can't do it as effectively while it's awake.
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And third is body repair.
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Yet again, it does it better when it's asleep.
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But I still have a problem with that.
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Why do we need to actually be asleep?
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As in unconscious?
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We could have just evolved to be able to repair, sort and maintain ourselves while awake.
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And yet evolution has been determined to keep it,
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and has clearly decided that it's worth the risk of not being conscious for 8 hours every day, than not to sleep at all.
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And that's the real mystery of sleep that no one has been able to really answer.
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Why do we really need sleep?
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And if you want to get a good night's sleep,
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a little birdie told me that hitting the subscribe button and show it two cold sides to your pillow for a week.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Why Do We Actually Need Sleep?? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : sleep, brain, awake, muscle, asleep. Cette vidéo contient 118 phrases et 1262 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:47. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 162 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 84 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer. 19 de ses 118 phrases sont des questions : un bon entraînement pour l’intonation interrogative et les réponses courtes.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| awake verbe | /əˈweɪk/ | se réveiller |
| muscle nom | /ˈmʌs.əl/ | muscle |
| asleep adjectif | /əˈsliːp/ | endormi |
| evolve verbe | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | élaborer |
| evolution nom | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | évolution |
| repair verbe | /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/ | réparer |
| clock nom | /klɑk/ | indicateur de vitesse, compteur de vitesse |
| sudden adjectif | /ˈsʌd.ən/ | soudain, subit |
| rapid adjectif | /ˈɹæp.ɪd/ | rapide |
| scary adjectif | /ˈskɛə.ɹi/ | sinistre, terrifiant |
| relax verbe | /ɹɪˈlæks/ | relâcher |
| sleepy adjectif | /ˈsliːpi/ | somnolent, ensommeillé |
| dolphin nom | /ˈdɑlf.ɪn/ | dauphin |
| cloud nom | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | nuage |
| mystery nom | /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/ | mystère |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| figure out verbe | cerner | |
| fill out verbe | /fɪl ˈaʊt/ | remplir, compléter |
| go down verbe | descendre | |
| go up verbe | monter, s'élever | |
| lie down verbe | s'étendre, se coucher | |
| shut down verbe | éteindre | |
| wake up verbe | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | se réveiller |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- But first, what's happening while you're asleep?
- This is when you're barely asleep.
- The thing where you're awake but you can't move.
- Why do we need to actually be asleep?
- Why do we really need sleep?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | haven't we figured · have we even evolved · you've probably heard |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | nucleus, which is · pressure, which makes · two, which is |
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | could be spent · are allowed |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 28 contractions et formes réduites, comme you're, can't, don't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: breathe /bɹiːð/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, occasion /əˈkeɪ̯ʒən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, conscious /ˈkɑn.ʃəs/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, accidentally /ˌæk.sɪˈdɛnt(ə)li/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, irregular /ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, hence /ˈhɛns/, warehouse /ˈwɛə(ɹ)haʊs/, heck /hɛk/, hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: cage /keɪd͡ʒ/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, jolt /d͡ʒoʊlt/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: repair /ˈɹiːpɛɚ/, rapid /ˈɹæp.ɪd/, scary /ˈskɛə.ɹi/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/, mystery /ˈmɪs.t(ə.)ɹi/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme awake, muscle, asleep.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.