शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Incoterms 2020 Explained [Complete Guide] - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Hi, in this video, we'll take a look at Incoterms 2020, what they mean, their application, and the benefits of using them.
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So, make sure to watch the full video if you are new exporters.
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We've got a lot to cover in today's video, so let's get started.
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So, what are Incoterms, and who made them?
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Incoterms are referred to as International Commercial Terms.
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Incoterms defines the risk and responsibility of a shipment between the buyer and the seller.
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Incoterms were developed by the International Chambers of Commerce.
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So why do we use Incoterms?
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Incoterms holds a universal meaning around the world.
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People use Incoterms to avoid misunderstandings in foreign trade contracts by clarifying the tasks, costs and risks.
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How to use Incoterms?
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If parties want Incoterm 2020 rules to apply to their contract, the safest way is to clearly mention it in the contract.
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For example, CIF, Hong Kong Incoterms 2020.
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ICC grouped the Incoterms 2020 into two categories.
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Number 1, rules for any modes of transport.
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And number 2, rules for sea and inland waterways transport.
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In the first group, we have 7 Incoterms.
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We have created an easy to understand chart that displays Incoterms 2020.
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The left side of the chart displays the different types of Incoterms beginning from top to bottom.
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The top side of the chart displays the different obligations
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and charges and displays which are covered by the seller and which are covered by the buyer.
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The blue points to the sellers and the yellow points to the buyer.
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So, let's start at the first Incoterm, EXW, which means X -Works or X -Warehouse.
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In X -Works, the seller is only responsible for ensuring
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that the cargo is packaged so it is ready for export and the goods can be collected from their location.
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The risk or liability for the goods transfers to the buyer when the goods are made available at the agreed -upon place.
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The buyer bears all risks and costs once they collect the goods from the seller's location.
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By applying this rule, the buyer and the seller do not have to make an insurance contract.
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Now it's time for Incoterm number 2, FCA, which means free carrier.
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In FCA, the seller is responsible for the export clearance
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and the delivery of goods to the carrier at the named
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place of delivery the incoterms 2020 fca has two possible delivery locations number one
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if the place of delivery is at the seller's premises the seller must load the goods number two
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if the delivery takes place in a different location the seller is not responsible for unloading
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when the goods have been delivered by the seller to the
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selected location the risk transfers to the buyer the buyer is responsible for paying the price of goods and all
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that transportation fees from the seller's place to the buyer's selected
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place in fca it becomes the buyer's responsibility to determine if they would like to obtain an insurance policy
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moving right along to incoterm number three cpt cpt also known
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as carriage paid two in a cpt incoterm the seller is responsible for clearing the goods for export
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and delivering the goods to the name place of destination with
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the transportation fees the risk is transferred from the seller to
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the buyer as soon as the goods are delivered to the first carrier even if there are multiple transportations.
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The buyer is only responsible for import requirements and local delivery and unloading charges.
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The seller is not responsible for any damages
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if the buyer has not insured the products because the goods have already been transferred to the first carrier.
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Without further ado, let's start things off with Incoterm number 4, CIP.
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The CIP stands for carriage and insurance paid to.
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In CIP, the seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the destination, the cost of international freight, as well as insurance fees and charges.
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CIP is also very similar to CPT.
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Except that with CIP, the seller is also responsible for arranging main carriage insurance
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and let's dive right into Incoterm number five DAP.
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The DAP means delivered at place.
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Under the DAP, the seller is responsible for all costs
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and risks associated with the delivery of the goods to the final destination, usually the buyer's premises.
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The risk transfers from seller to buyer when the goods are available for unloading.
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The buyer is then responsible for unloading the goods at the end destination.
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In DAP, both parties are not obligated to make a contract of insurance, but it is recommended.
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With that, it's time for our sixth Incoterm, DPU.
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DPU stands for Delivered at Place Unloaded.
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In DPU, the seller is responsible for all costs and risks until the goods are delivered to named destination place,
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which is usually close to the buyer.
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DPU is the only Incoterm's rule that requires the seller to unload goods at the place of destination.
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The risk transfers from seller to buyer at the place of unloading.
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The buyer is responsible for import clearance procedures, and both parties are not obligated to obtain an insurance policy, but it is recommended.
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Moving right along to Incoterm number 7, DDP, which means delivery duty paid.
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As per the shipping terms under DDP, the seller bears all costs and risks involved in delivering the goods to the selected place.
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It is also the only term where the seller is liable for import custom fees.
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The risk transfers from the seller to buyer at the place of unloading.
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The buyer is then responsible for unloading the goods at the end destination.
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There is no obligation to insure the goods.
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The seller is not obligated to insure the goods for pre -carriage or main carriage.
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With that, we have completed our first category of Incoterms, and now, it's time for Category 2, Rules for Sea and Inland Waterways Transport.
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Our first Incoterm is FAS.
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FAS stands for Free Alongside Ship.
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In FAS, the seller is liable and responsible for all the procedures in their country, up until the goods are alongside the ship or the terminal warehouse.
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FAS indicates that the risk transfers to the buyer when the goods are placed alongside the ship.
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The buyer is responsible for loading the freight onto the vessel as well as handling selling local carriage, discharge, import formalities and duties,
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and onward carriage to the final destination.
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Insurance is not a stipulated requirement under FAS, however, it is a common practice for both buyer
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and seller to get insurance coverage of the cargo's journey they are each responsible for.
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Now it's time for Incoterm number 2, FOB.
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FOB is also known as free on board.
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In FOB, the seller clears the goods for export and ensures
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that they are delivered to and loaded onto the vessel for transport at the named port of departure.
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The risk transfers from the seller to the buyer
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when the goods are onboard the vessel and the buyer bears costs from that point forward.
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The buyer arranges all the other stages to the cargo's ultimate destination.
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Insurance coverage isn't mandatory under the FOB Incoterm.
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However, it is common practice to obtain insurance.
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This may be done by the buyer, seller, or both to cover the entire ocean freight journey or their respective responsibilities.
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With that, it's time for our third incoterm, CFR.
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CFR stands for Cost and Freight.
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The CFR incoterm is an incoterm that is exclusive to ocean freight shipping.
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In CFR, the seller is not only responsible for delivering the goods to the port specified by the buyer
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but also bears the transportation costs of the goods to the destination port.
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The risk passes from seller to buyer when the seller delivers the goods on board the ship.
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The buyer is responsible for paying all the additional transport fees from the port of destination including import clearance and duties.
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The seller is not responsible for procuring marine insurance against the risk of loss or damage to the cargo during transit it.
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And now it's time for our last incoterm, CIF, that stands for Cost,
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Insurance and Freight Agreement, with the seller holding responsible for all three.
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In CIF terms, the seller clears the goods at origin, places the cargo on board, and pays for insurance until the port of discharge at the minimum coverage.
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The risk is transferred to the buyer at the time the goods are on board.
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board the vessel for the main carriage.
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However, they don't take on any costs until the freight arrives at the named port of destination.
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In CIF, the seller is obligated to take out the minimum level of insurance coverage for the buyer's risk.
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We have completed all incoterms, now you can decide which one is the best for you.
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I get a lot of questions from the new exporters, like, for example, which incoterm is the best for new exporters?
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Well, there is no best incoterm, it all depends on the requirements of the buyer and the seller.
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In my opinion, these are some of the best incoterms for new exporters, FOB, CFR, and FCA.
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If you learned something new from today's video, make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel right now.
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Just click on the button below this video.
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And if you want exclusive import -export training that I only share with subscribers,
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Head over to USAXMClub .com that is USAXMClub .com and sign up for our newsletter.
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It's free.
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Now, I want to turn it over to you.
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Which and co -term from this video are you going to use?
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Let me know by leaving a comment below right now.
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Thanks and good day.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Incoterms 2020 Explained” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: incoterm, seller, buyer, responsible, risk। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 119 वाक्य और 1598 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 11:06 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 144 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्थिर गति से बोलता है, जो शैडोइंग के लिए आरामदायक है। केवल 77% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| cellar संज्ञा | /ˈsɛləɹ/ | तहख़ाना, सुरागार |
| buyer संज्ञा | /ˈbaɪ.əɹ/ | क्रेता, ख़रीदार |
| destination संज्ञा | /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/ | गंतव्य, मंज़िल |
| carriage संज्ञा | /ˈkæɹɪd͡ʒ/ | गाड़ी, अराबा |
| import संज्ञा | /ˈɪm.pɔɹt/ | आयात |
| export संज्ञा | /ˈɛks.pɔɹt/ | निर्यात |
| carrier संज्ञा | /ˈkæɹi.ɚ/ | कहार |
| vessel संज्ञा | /ˈvɛsəl/ | पोत |
| chart संज्ञा | /t͡ʃɑɹt/ | लेखाचित्र, चार्ट |
| select क्रिया | /sɪˈlɛkt/ | चुनना, चयन करना |
| obtain क्रिया | /əbˈteɪn/ | प्राप्त करना, पाना |
| requirement संज्ञा | /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/ | आवश्यकता, अनिवार्यता |
| cargo संज्ञा | /ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/ | पोतभार, नौभार |
| procedure संज्ञा | /pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/ | प्रक्रिया, विधि |
| collect क्रिया | /ˈkɑlɪkt/ | शामिल होने, इकट्ठा करना |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are referred · were developed · are covered |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have created · have been delivered · has not insured |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | displays which are · EXW, which means · FCA, which means |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 4 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, isn't, we'll। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, obligation /ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, shipment /ˈʃɪpmənt/, insure /ɪnˈʃʊɚ/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: destination /dɛstɪˈneɪʃən/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, liability /laɪəˈbɪlɪti/, mandatory /ˈmæn.dəˌtɔɹ.i/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, requirement /ɹɪˈkwaɪɹmənt/, warehouse /ˈwɛə(ɹ)haʊs/, universal /ˌjunəˈvɜɹs(ə)l/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: transit /ˈtɹæn.zɪt/, newsletter /ˈn(j)uzˌlɛtɚ/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: specify /ˈspɛs.əˌfaɪ/, stipulate /ˈstɪpjuˌleɪt/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर cellar, buyer, destination जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।