शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Ocean Biodiversity | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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Section 4 You will hear part of a student presentation about the variety of different species that live in the world's oceans.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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I've been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans.
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About 20 years ago, biologists developed the idea of what they called biodiversity hotspots.
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These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species.
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So one example is Madagascar.
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These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation.
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Biologists can identify hotspots on land fairly easily,
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but until recently very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans,
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and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.
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Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species
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that he got from the fishing industry.
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Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators, like sharks, and looked at what they had in common.
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The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentrations of food,
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but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots.
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The remaining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard,
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but what he did find was that in all cases the water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures,
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even when it was cool at greater depths.
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So this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators.
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However, this wasn't enough on its own because he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in it,
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so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.
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A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Balance, who was working in California,
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also started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish.
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What she was interested in was marine mammals, things like seals, and she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots,
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and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents,
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and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these species feed on.
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So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible.
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For example, there's an international project called the Census of Marine Life.
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They've been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic.
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One thing they found there, which stunned other researchers, was that there were large numbers of species which live below the ice,
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sometimes under a layer up to 20 metres thick.
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Some of these species had never been seen before.
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They've even found species of octopus living in these conditions.
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And other scientists working on the same project
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but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes,
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attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.
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However, biologists still don't know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species.
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So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land,
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so they consider things like the size of the population, how many members of one species there are in a particular place,
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and then they look at their distribution in geographical terms, although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish because they're so mobile,
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and then thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.
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So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000.
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For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution.
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Ultimately, they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located, but also where they are most threatened.
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So, finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world's oceans?
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Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected.
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We have some, but not enough.
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In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles, which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast,
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we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely.
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As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species.
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And finally, there's the problem of bycatch.
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This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats.
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They're returned to the sea, but they're often dead or dying.
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If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective so that only the fish wanted for consumption were caught,
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this problem could be overcome.
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Okay, so does anyone have any questions That is the end of section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.

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इस पाठ के बारे में

इस पाठ में, आप महासागरों में विविध प्रजातियों के बारे में महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्राप्त करेंगे। आप यह समझेंगे कि जैव विविधता क्या होती है और इसके संरक्षण के लिए क्या प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं। इस व्याख्यान में उल्लेखित कुछ शोधों के माध्यम से, आप यह जानेंगे कि महासागरों में प्रजातियों की संख्या कैसे बढ़ाई जा सकती है और ये प्रजातियाँ किस प्रकार एक-दूसरे से संबंधित हैं। यह सीखना न केवल आपके अंग्रेजी बोलने के अभ्यास में मदद करेगा, बल्कि आपको ज्ञान अर्जित करने में भी मदद करेगा।

मुख्य शब्दावली एवं वाक्यांश

  • जैव विविधता (Biodiversity): प्रजातियों की विविधता जो किसी विशेष स्थान पर होती है।
  • संरक्षण (Conservation): प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और प्रजातियों की रक्षा के लिए किए जाने वाले प्रयास।
  • समुद्री स्तनपायी (Marine Mammals): समुद्र में रहने वाले स्तनधारी, जैसे कि सील।
  • प्लवक (Plankton): महासागरों में रहने वाले सूक्ष्म जीव जो कई समुद्री प्रजातियों के लिए भोजन का स्रोत हैं।
  • हॉटस्पॉट (Hotspots): वे क्षेत्र जहाँ जैव विविधता का उच्चतम स्तर पाया जाता है।
  • ओक्सीजन (Oxygen): महासागरों में जीवों के जीवन के लिए आवश्यक गैस।
  • जलीय पर्यावरण (Aquatic Environment): महासागरों और नदियों में जीवन और उनके पारितंत्र।
  • प्रजातियों की संख्या (Species Count): किसी विशेष प्रजाति के सदस्यों की संख्या।

अभ्यास टिप्स

जब आप इस वीडियो को सुनते हैं, तो ध्यान दें कि वाचन की गति औसत से थोड़ी तेज़ हो सकती है। इसलिए, आप अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास करते समय कुछ महत्वपूर्ण बातें ध्यान में रखें:

  • वीडियो को एक बार सुनें और फिर उसकी नकल करें। इसके लिए अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग तकनीक का उपयोग करें। प्रत्येक वाक्य को सुनकर दोहराएं, यह आपके अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार में मदद करेगा।
  • उच्चारण पर ध्यान केंद्रित करें। सुनने के दौरान, शब्दों के उच्चारण को सही करना महत्वपूर्ण है ताकि आपकी shadow speech और प्रभावशाली हो सके।
  • यदि कुछ शब्द स्पष्ट नहीं हैं, तो उन्हें लिखें और उस पर काम करें, ताकि आप shadowspeaks पर बेहतर हो सकें।
  • वीडियो के महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सों को कई बार सुनें, यह आपकी लिपi और मानसिकता को मजबूत करेगा।

इस प्रकार, इन टिप्स को अपनाकर, आप न केवल अपने अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास कर सकेंगे, बल्कि एक अच्छा सुनने वाला भी बनेंगे।

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचनावीडियो में
Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — पहले शुरू हुआ काम जो अब भी जारी हैI've been looking · They've been surveying
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता हैwas known · are endangered · been seen
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारीareas which have · oceans which were · people who want
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी हैThey've even found · have found · have been assessed

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →