Shadowing Practice: Ocean Biodiversity | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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60 משפטים
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Section 4 You will hear part of a student presentation about the variety of different species that live in the world's oceans.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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I've been looking at ocean biodiversity, that's the diversity of species that live in the world's oceans.
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About 20 years ago, biologists developed the idea of what they called biodiversity hotspots.
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These are the areas which have the greatest mixture of species.
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So one example is Madagascar.
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These hotspots are significant because they allow us to locate key areas for focusing efforts at conservation.
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Biologists can identify hotspots on land fairly easily,
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but until recently very little was known about species distribution and diversity in the oceans,
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and no one even knew if hotspots existed there.
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Then a Canadian biologist called Boris Worm did some research in 2005 on data on ocean species
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that he got from the fishing industry.
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Worm located five hotspots for large ocean predators, like sharks, and looked at what they had in common.
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The main thing he'd expected to find was that they had very high concentrations of food,
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but to his surprise that was only true for four of the hotspots.
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The remaining hotspot was quite badly off in that regard,
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but what he did find was that in all cases the water at the surface of the ocean had relatively high temperatures,
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even when it was cool at greater depths.
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So this seemed to be a factor in supporting a diverse range of these large predators.
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However, this wasn't enough on its own because he also found that the water needed to have enough oxygen in it,
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so these two factors seemed necessary to support the high metabolic rate of these large fish.
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A couple of years later, in 2007, a researcher called Lisa Balance, who was working in California,
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also started looking for ocean hotspots, but not for fish.
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What she was interested in was marine mammals, things like seals, and she found three places in the oceans which were hotspots,
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and what these had in common was that these hotspots were all located at boundaries between ocean currents,
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and this seems to be the sort of place that has lots of the plankton that some of these species feed on.
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So now people who want to protect the species that are endangered need to get as much information as possible.
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For example, there's an international project called the Census of Marine Life.
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They've been surveying oceans all over the world, including the Arctic.
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One thing they found there, which stunned other researchers, was that there were large numbers of species which live below the ice,
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sometimes under a layer up to 20 metres thick.
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Some of these species had never been seen before.
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They've even found species of octopus living in these conditions.
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And other scientists working on the same project
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but researching very different habitats on the ocean floor have found large numbers of species congregating around volcanoes,
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attracted to them by the warmth and nutrients there.
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However, biologists still don't know how serious the threat to their survival is for each individual species.
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So a body called the Global Marine Species Assessment is now creating a list of endangered species on land,
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so they consider things like the size of the population, how many members of one species there are in a particular place,
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and then they look at their distribution in geographical terms, although this is quite difficult when you're looking at fish because they're so mobile,
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and then thirdly they calculate the rate at which the decline of the species is happening.
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So far only 1,500 species have been assessed, but they want to increase this figure to 20,000.
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For each one they assess, they use the data they collect on that species to produce a map showing its distribution.
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Ultimately, they will be able to use these to figure out not only where most species are located, but also where they are most threatened.
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So, finally, what can be done to retain the diversity of species in the world's oceans?
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Firstly, we need to set up more reserves in our oceans, places where marine species are protected.
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We have some, but not enough.
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In addition, to preserve species such as leatherback turtles, which live out in the high seas but have their nesting sites on the American coast,
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we need to create corridors for migration, so they can get from one area to another safely.
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As well as this, action needs to be taken to lower the levels of fishing quotas to prevent overfishing of endangered species.
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And finally, there's the problem of bycatch.
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This refers to the catching of unwanted fish by fishing boats.
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They're returned to the sea, but they're often dead or dying.
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If these commercial fishing boats used equipment which was more selective so that only the fish wanted for consumption were caught,
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this problem could be overcome.
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Okay, so does anyone have any questions That is the end of section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה B2 מבוסס על הסרטון “Ocean Biodiversity”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: species, ocean, hotspot, fish, biologist. בסרטון הזה יש 60 משפטים ו-855 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 7:38. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-112 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 85% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
14 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| biologist שם עצם | /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/ | ביולוג \ בִּיוֹלוֹג |
| endangered שם תואר | /ɪnˈdeɪn.d͡ʒɚd/ | בסיכון |
| predator שם עצם | /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ | טוֹרֵף |
| mammal שם עצם | /ˈmæməl/ | יוֹנֵק |
| octopus שם עצם | /ˈɑktəpʊs/ | תמנון \ תְּמָנוּן |
| volcano שם עצם | /vɑlˈkeɪ.noʊ/ | הַר גַעַשׁ, ווּלְקָן |
| metre שם עצם | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | מֶטֶר |
| calculate פועל | /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/ | חישב \ חִשֵּׁב |
| corridor שם עצם | /ˈkɒɹɪdɔː/ | מִסְדְּרוֹן, פְּרוֹזְדוֹר |
| turtle שם עצם | /ˈtɝtl̩/ | צָב |
| threaten פועל | /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/ | איים |
| nest שם עצם | /nɛst/ | קֵן |
| boundary שם עצם | /ˈbaʊndɹi/ | גְּבוּל |
| migration שם עצם | /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/ | הֲגִירָה |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| figure out פועל | הֵבִין, מצא תשובה |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| הווה מושלם ממושך (Present perfect continuous) have/has been + -ing — פעולה שהתחילה בעבר ועדיין נמשכת עכשיו | I've been looking · They've been surveying |
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was known · are endangered · been seen |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | areas which have · oceans which were · people who want |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | They've even found · have found · have been assessed |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-10 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו they're, they've, don't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: leatherback /ˈlɛ.ðɚ.bæk/, thirdly /ˈθɚdli/, warmth /wɔɹmθ/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, biodiversity /ˌbaɪoʊdəˈvɚsəti/, metabolic /mɛtəˈbɒlɪk/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: quota /ˈkwəʊ.tə/, unwanted /ʌnˈwɒntɪd/, warmth /wɔɹmθ/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: leatherback /ˈlɛ.ðɚ.bæk/, mammal /ˈmæməl/, plankton /ˈplæŋ(k).tən/, geographical /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪkl̩/, calculate /ˈkælkjʊleɪt/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: predator /ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, congregate /ˈkɒŋɡɹəɡeɪt/, nutrient /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/, firstly /ˈfɜɹstli/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו biologist, endangered, predator.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.