शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Past and Present | Technology Then and Now - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

Past and present.

Technology then and now.

Devices and gadgets that we use today were radically different back when they were first invented, introduced or popularized years or decades ago.

In this look at technological transformations, we see what old school designs have become.

Floppy disk.

You'd need 213,000 individual 5.25 inch floppy disks,

each with a capacity of 1.2MB to hold 256GB of data.

Thumb drive.

Now all you need is this 2 inch long thumb drive that easily stores the same amount of data.

Books.

1,400 physical books would weigh about 1 pound each.

That's about as much as half of a car.

Kindle The cheapest version of this electronic reader can hold that many books in digital form.

Ford Model T The first consumer automobile,

introduced in 1908, produced 20 horsepower and had a top speed of 45 mph.

Ford GT The 2017 descendant has evolved into a supercar with 600 horsepower and speeds in excess of 200 mph.

Television The 1948 Admiral Model 19A12 TV set had a 7-inch black

and white screen with with a resolution of 653 by 499 pixels.

UHD TV Today's 4K ultra-high-def TVs have minimum resolutions of 3840 by 2160 pixels.

Video Cam The Super 8mm film cameras,

produced by Kodak in 1965 had film cartridges that recorded up to 2.5 minutes at 24 frames per second.

High Def Video Recorder.

Can record 1080p video for up to 4 hours and 21 minutes at 30 frames per second.

Laptop The first true portable computer was called Osborne One, built by Adam Osborne in 1981.

It weighed 24 pounds, had a 5-inch screen and cost $1,795.

Compact Ultra Portables Laptops circa 2016 are sleek,

lightweight, 13-15 inch touchscreens, blazingly fast processors and cost $1,000 or less.

Mobile Phone In April 1973,

Motorola researcher Martin Cooper made the first mobile telephone call using a device that weighed 1.1 kilos and measured 23 cm long.

It had a talk time of 30 minutes and took 10 hours to recharge.

Smartphone.

There are nearly 150 mobile phone manufacturers in the world today who produce the latest iteration of this device which is small,

light, thin and is virtually a carry anywhere computer.

ENIAC Built in 1946 by Pennsylvania University scientists,

the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was a 30-tonne behemoth with over 17,000 vacuum tubes,

70,000 resistors and 10,000 capacitors, filling up a 30 by 50-foot room.

Portable Calculator

Modern-day electronic pocket calculators became available in the 1970s after the first microprocessor was developed by Intel for Japanese calculator company Bizicom.

Now, pocket calculators by Texas Instruments put enormous computing power in a smartphone-sized package.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 39 वाक्य और 405 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 4:55 लंबा है। वक्ता धीरे बोलता है, लगभग 82 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए हर ध्वनि की नकल करने का समय मिलता है। केवल 70% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 कम प्रचलित शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/ (संज्ञा) — परिकलक, कैलकुलेटर. A mechanical or electronic device that performs mathematical calculations; (now usually) an electronic one specifically.
weigh /weɪ/ (क्रिया) — तौलना, जोखना. To determine the weight of an object.
pocket /ˈpɑ.kɪt/ (संज्ञा) — जेब, चेद. A bag stitched to an item of clothing, used for carrying small items.
introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ (क्रिया) — परिचय. To cause (someone) to be acquainted (with someone else).
smartphone /ˈsmɑɹtfoʊn/ (संज्ञा) — स्मार्टफ़ोन, स्मार्टफोन. A mobile phone with more advanced features and greater computing capacity than a feature phone.
disk /dɪsk/ (संज्ञा) — डिस्क, चक्र. A thin, flat, circular plate or similar object.
thumb /ˈθʌm/ (संज्ञा) — अंगूठा. The shortest and thickest digit of the hand that for humans has the most mobility and can be made to oppose (moved to touch) all of the other fingers.
thin /ˈθɪn/ (विशेषण) — पतला, दुबला. Having little thickness or extent from one surface to its opposite.
package /ˈpæk.ɪd͡ʒ/ (संज्ञा) — पैकेज, पैकेट. Something which is packed, a parcel, a box, an envelope.
telephone /ˈtɛləˌfoʊn/ (संज्ञा) — दूरभाष, टेलीफ़ोन. A telecommunication device which converts data or sounds (usually speech) into electrical signals which are then transmitted to enable two or more people to…
reader /ˈɹi.dɚ/ (संज्ञा) — पाठक, पाठिका. A person who reads.
laptop /ˈlæp.tɑp/ (संज्ञा) — लैपटॉप. A laptop computer.
excess /ˈɛksɛs/ (संज्ञा) — अधिकता, बहुलता. The state of surpassing or going beyond a limit; the state of being beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; more than what is usual or proper.
manufacturer /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/ (संज्ञा) — उत्पादक. A person or company that manufactures.
scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/ (संज्ञा) — वैज्ञानिक, आलिम. One whose activities make use of the scientific method to answer questions regarding the measurable universe. A scientist may be involved in original research…

वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब

look at (क्रिया) — हेरना. To observe or watch.

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

“th” की ध्वनियाँ: thumb /ˈθʌm/, thin /ˈθɪn/, behemoth /bəˈhi(ː).məθ/
“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, iteration /ˌɪt.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: calculator /kæl.kjə.leɪ.tɚ/, virtually /ˈvɚ.t͡ʃə.wə.li/, manufacturer /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃəɹə/, transformation /ˌtɹæns.fɔɹˈmeɪ.ʃən/, technological /ˌtɛk.nəˈlɑ.dʒɪ.kəl/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
सामान्य गति पर एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें और हर वाक्य तब तक दोहराएँ जब तक आपकी लय वक्ता से न मिल जाए।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर calculator, weigh, pocket जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है	have become · has evolved
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	was called · was developed
Superlatives the -est / the most … — समूह में सबसे ऊपर या नीचे	The cheapest · the latest

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

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