Pratica di Shadowing: How Finland defeated fascism - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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In the 1930s, a far-right group in Finland captured this man, their former president, and took him and his wife from Helsinki to Hjonsu,
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a remote Finnish city almost 300 miles from their home.
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The group interrogated them, threatened them, and then released them.
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This was the Lapua movement, a violent conservative political movement that almost pushed Finland into authoritarianism.
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But then, something happened.
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But somehow they managed to stave off fascism and they've remained a stable democracy ever since.
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Today, Helsinki is a great city, capital of a nation that has stemmed the dangerous political current sweeping the rest of Europe.
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So how did Finland protect its democracy?
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And is there something the world can learn from this moment in history?
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To understand how we got there, let's go back to 1918.
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The recent rise in communism had countries terrified all over Europe, and Finland was no exception.
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I do think that the history begins from the Finnish Civil War of 1918.
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There were two sides, the reds or the communists versus the whites, the conservatives.
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And going forward, those colors are going to be important for keeping track.
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They clashed in the war with very heavy bloodletting.
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Finland broke away from red Russia, mercilessly exterminated its own reds, and in 1919 became at last an independent nation.
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And even though the whites won, a lot of people remained really nervous about communism in their country, especially with the new Soviet Union as their direct neighbor.
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Those most radical whites sought to create what was called a white Finland, which usually meant some kind of authoritarian state, but that didn't come about.
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And throughout the 1920s, we can see a simmering resentment against the republic.
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And that all came to a head in 1929 in, you guessed it, Lapua.
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Lapua is in South Ostrabovnia, one of the most conservative regions in Finland.
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So when a communist youth group holds a march there, they know exactly who they're provoking.
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That was the tinder that was needed to light the fire.
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The rally was violently subdued and the communist youth were thrown out.
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So news of what happened in Lapua spread really quickly throughout the country
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and it radicalized an entire nationalist faction of the whites.
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And it was called the Lapua movement.
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Within a year, the Lapua movement had populist support across the country.
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Their supporters included not just the far right, but also more center-right and moderate elites, politicians, and prominent business owners.
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A lot of these more moderate elements thought that they could use the Lapua movement, harnessing their passion and their popularity.
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And they were also hesitant to push back against them.
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And there was one more group that we're gonna have to keep an eye on.
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They're called the Civic Guard.
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They have two roles.
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They are an auxiliary defense force that trades its members in military tactics,
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and they are also an organization which is there in case the Reds would rise again.
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So they were naturally really sympathetic to the Lapua movement's anti-communist cause, but a lot of them didn't subscribe to their more authoritarian goals, which is something we're going to keep an eye on for later.
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By the summer of 1930, the Lapua movement planned a demonstration called the Peasants March, and made a really specific reference in mind.
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Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, when he used the threat of mass violence to pressure Italy's king into making him prime minister, bringing the fascists to power.
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One just can't dismiss the importance of the March on Rome to the entire European contemporary far-right.
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That's when they organized the so-called Peasants March on Helsinki,
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sending tens of thousands of people into a demonstration that some of them hoped would actually turn into a coup.
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But instead the government met with them and passed laws that made communists ineligible for elections and criminalized communist propaganda.
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At this point, the Lapua movement was at the height of its power and support amongst the conservatives in Finland.
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But at their core, they were a violent and extremist group.
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and it continued to be driven in part by radical members who acted independently and without restraint.
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And they showed absolute intolerance for those who opposed them.
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Kidnappists really became their hallmark.
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The idea was basically symbolic.
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You kidnapped someone who you thought a sympathizer of the left or a member of the political left.
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And then the persons were usually taken by car or by some other means towards the east, towards the Soviet Union.
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The message is crystal clear.
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If you're a communist, you don't belong in Finland.
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And then in October of 1930, the radicals of the Lapua movement kidnapped someone who wasn't just an ordinary rival.
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They kidnapped Karlo Juhos Daburi.
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That's the guy you saw at the beginning of the video.
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And not only was he a former president, he was the first president of Finland's republic.
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And for a lot of people, that went a step too far.
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That clearly was a provocation by the movement that went against the sense of decency of most of their supporters even.
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And that marks the decline of the movement.
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In the 1931 elections, the Lapua movement made their last real political game.
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They managed to help tip a close presidential election in favor of P.E.
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Svinufud.
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P.E.
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Svinufud is then elected president of the republic and is the absolute darling of the political right.
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I even found this really interesting photo of Svinufud at the Peasants March.
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So we know that he really was participating in the Lapua movement.
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But Svinufud was also more traditional than the radical whites.
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In the end, Swin'Hughud will back the Republic and the law and rule of law,
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rather than any hopes and dreams of the most radical whites." So in 1932, even though the president they had helped elect was in power,
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the Lapua movement wasn't getting what they wanted.
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In a final act of desperation, they tried to stage a coup.
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A group gathered in Mansala, near Helsinki, with the goal of gathering the civic guard to march on the capital and overthrow the Republic.
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But when they called on the Civic Guard, something else happened that they had never considered.
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The majority of the Civic Guards do not respond to the call for uprising.
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No one goes anywhere and we'll stay at home and we'll stand down.
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And then the nail in the coffin.
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The Lapua movement's former darling President Svinifud gave a radio address, telling the group to stand down.
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I want to be very friendly to all the security workers and others who have been coming to you with the military.
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And to ask them, as in the article in the previous article, to be heard by the law, and to return home to the local government.
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You could name it the swan song of the Lapua movement.
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And just like that, the violent extremist group was done.
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They lost the support of the masses, the politicians, and the military.
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And the Lapua movement was banned.
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And Finnish democracy has been stable ever since, even surviving the Second World War.
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Fascism and communism have been rejected by democratic pins.
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Some of the details and events of the Lapua movement have uncomfortable echoes with recent experiences in the US.
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Democracy at one level is about the rule of the people, it's about elections, it's about popular involvement, absolutely.
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But in order to sustain that project of popular engagement and popular decision making,
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you need to have unelected officials who manage the guardrails.
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I think this places a spotlight on the question of who appoints officials.
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Because one of the things we forget, or at least take for granted, is how many non-partisan systems you have to have in place to have a healthy democracy.
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But one of the largest reasons the Lapua movement failed was because it crossed the line.
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It became too violent and too extreme too quickly.
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So it lost mass support and with it, the elites.
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And there's one more key lesson from the Lapua movement that is thankfully a lot more hopeful.
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We remember the fascists of Italy and the Nazis of Germany, but in reality almost every European country had their own far-right movements
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and organizations which all dreamed of taking state power either through violence
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or through some other means and almost all of them failed.
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Informazioni su questa lezione
In questa lezione, avrai l'opportunità di praticare la conversazione in inglese analizzando la storia della Finlandia e come abbia affrontato le minacce del fascismo. Attraverso l'ascolto della trascrizione di un video, lavorerai su nuove frasi e vocaboli, migliorando comprensione e grammatica. Inoltre, potrai osservare e imitare il tono e la velocità del parlato, utili per migliorare la pronuncia in inglese.
Vocabolario e Frasi Chiave
- Lapua Movement - Movimento politico di estrema destra in Finlandia degli anni '30.
- authoritarianism - autoritarismo, un governo che limita le libertà individuali.
- communism - comunismo, un sistema politico e teorico che mira alla proprietà collettiva.
- democracy - democrazia, un sistema di governo in cui il potere è esercitato dal popolo.
- kidnapping - rapimento, atto di prendere qualcuno contro la sua volontà.
- protest - protesta, atto di esprimere disaccordo.
- political currents - correnti politiche, movimenti e tendenze nel panorama politico.
Consigli per la Pratica
Per ottenere il massimo dal tuo shadowing in inglese, segui questi suggerimenti:
- Ascolta attentamente: Prima di iniziare a fare shadowing, ascolta il video senza interromperlo. Fai attenzione al tono e alla velocità del parlato.
- Ripeti in tempo reale: Prova a ripetere le frasi mentre le ascolti. Questo ti aiuterà a migliorare la tua fluidità e la pronuncia.
- Pratica regolarmente: Dedica alcuni minuti ogni giorno a questa pratica. Più ti alleni, più migliorerai la tua capacità di imparare l'inglese con Youtube.
- Utilizza pause strategiche: Se il parlato è troppo veloce, non esitare a mettere in pausa il video per assimilare meglio le informazioni.
- Registrati: Considera di registrare la tua voce mentre pratichi. Ascoltati e confronta la tua pronuncia con quella del video per identificare aree di miglioramento.
Questi esercizi renderanno la tua pratica di conversazione in inglese più efficace e ti aiuteranno a sentirti più sicuro quando parli inglese. Buona pratica!
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was called · was needed · was violently subdued |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | organization which is · goals, which is · those who opposed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | they've remained · has stemmed · has been |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.