ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: How Finland defeated fascism
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99 ประโยค
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In the 1930s, a far-right group in Finland captured this man, their former president, and took him and his wife from Helsinki to Hjonsu,
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a remote Finnish city almost 300 miles from their home.
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The group interrogated them, threatened them, and then released them.
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This was the Lapua movement, a violent conservative political movement that almost pushed Finland into authoritarianism.
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But then, something happened.
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But somehow they managed to stave off fascism and they've remained a stable democracy ever since.
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Today, Helsinki is a great city, capital of a nation that has stemmed the dangerous political current sweeping the rest of Europe.
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So how did Finland protect its democracy?
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And is there something the world can learn from this moment in history?
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To understand how we got there, let's go back to 1918.
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The recent rise in communism had countries terrified all over Europe, and Finland was no exception.
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I do think that the history begins from the Finnish Civil War of 1918.
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There were two sides, the reds or the communists versus the whites, the conservatives.
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And going forward, those colors are going to be important for keeping track.
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They clashed in the war with very heavy bloodletting.
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Finland broke away from red Russia, mercilessly exterminated its own reds, and in 1919 became at last an independent nation.
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And even though the whites won, a lot of people remained really nervous about communism in their country, especially with the new Soviet Union as their direct neighbor.
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Those most radical whites sought to create what was called a white Finland, which usually meant some kind of authoritarian state, but that didn't come about.
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And throughout the 1920s, we can see a simmering resentment against the republic.
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And that all came to a head in 1929 in, you guessed it, Lapua.
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Lapua is in South Ostrabovnia, one of the most conservative regions in Finland.
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So when a communist youth group holds a march there, they know exactly who they're provoking.
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That was the tinder that was needed to light the fire.
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The rally was violently subdued and the communist youth were thrown out.
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So news of what happened in Lapua spread really quickly throughout the country
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and it radicalized an entire nationalist faction of the whites.
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And it was called the Lapua movement.
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Within a year, the Lapua movement had populist support across the country.
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Their supporters included not just the far right, but also more center-right and moderate elites, politicians, and prominent business owners.
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A lot of these more moderate elements thought that they could use the Lapua movement, harnessing their passion and their popularity.
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And they were also hesitant to push back against them.
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And there was one more group that we're gonna have to keep an eye on.
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They're called the Civic Guard.
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They have two roles.
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They are an auxiliary defense force that trades its members in military tactics,
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and they are also an organization which is there in case the Reds would rise again.
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So they were naturally really sympathetic to the Lapua movement's anti-communist cause, but a lot of them didn't subscribe to their more authoritarian goals, which is something we're going to keep an eye on for later.
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By the summer of 1930, the Lapua movement planned a demonstration called the Peasants March, and made a really specific reference in mind.
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Benito Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, when he used the threat of mass violence to pressure Italy's king into making him prime minister, bringing the fascists to power.
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One just can't dismiss the importance of the March on Rome to the entire European contemporary far-right.
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That's when they organized the so-called Peasants March on Helsinki,
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sending tens of thousands of people into a demonstration that some of them hoped would actually turn into a coup.
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But instead the government met with them and passed laws that made communists ineligible for elections and criminalized communist propaganda.
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At this point, the Lapua movement was at the height of its power and support amongst the conservatives in Finland.
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But at their core, they were a violent and extremist group.
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and it continued to be driven in part by radical members who acted independently and without restraint.
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And they showed absolute intolerance for those who opposed them.
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Kidnappists really became their hallmark.
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The idea was basically symbolic.
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You kidnapped someone who you thought a sympathizer of the left or a member of the political left.
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And then the persons were usually taken by car or by some other means towards the east, towards the Soviet Union.
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The message is crystal clear.
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If you're a communist, you don't belong in Finland.
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And then in October of 1930, the radicals of the Lapua movement kidnapped someone who wasn't just an ordinary rival.
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They kidnapped Karlo Juhos Daburi.
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That's the guy you saw at the beginning of the video.
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And not only was he a former president, he was the first president of Finland's republic.
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And for a lot of people, that went a step too far.
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That clearly was a provocation by the movement that went against the sense of decency of most of their supporters even.
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And that marks the decline of the movement.
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In the 1931 elections, the Lapua movement made their last real political game.
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They managed to help tip a close presidential election in favor of P.E.
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Svinufud.
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P.E.
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Svinufud is then elected president of the republic and is the absolute darling of the political right.
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I even found this really interesting photo of Svinufud at the Peasants March.
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So we know that he really was participating in the Lapua movement.
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But Svinufud was also more traditional than the radical whites.
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In the end, Swin'Hughud will back the Republic and the law and rule of law,
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rather than any hopes and dreams of the most radical whites." So in 1932, even though the president they had helped elect was in power,
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the Lapua movement wasn't getting what they wanted.
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In a final act of desperation, they tried to stage a coup.
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A group gathered in Mansala, near Helsinki, with the goal of gathering the civic guard to march on the capital and overthrow the Republic.
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But when they called on the Civic Guard, something else happened that they had never considered.
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The majority of the Civic Guards do not respond to the call for uprising.
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No one goes anywhere and we'll stay at home and we'll stand down.
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And then the nail in the coffin.
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The Lapua movement's former darling President Svinifud gave a radio address, telling the group to stand down.
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I want to be very friendly to all the security workers and others who have been coming to you with the military.
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And to ask them, as in the article in the previous article, to be heard by the law, and to return home to the local government.
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You could name it the swan song of the Lapua movement.
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And just like that, the violent extremist group was done.
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They lost the support of the masses, the politicians, and the military.
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And the Lapua movement was banned.
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And Finnish democracy has been stable ever since, even surviving the Second World War.
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Fascism and communism have been rejected by democratic pins.
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Some of the details and events of the Lapua movement have uncomfortable echoes with recent experiences in the US.
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Democracy at one level is about the rule of the people, it's about elections, it's about popular involvement, absolutely.
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But in order to sustain that project of popular engagement and popular decision making,
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you need to have unelected officials who manage the guardrails.
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I think this places a spotlight on the question of who appoints officials.
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Because one of the things we forget, or at least take for granted, is how many non-partisan systems you have to have in place to have a healthy democracy.
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But one of the largest reasons the Lapua movement failed was because it crossed the line.
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It became too violent and too extreme too quickly.
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So it lost mass support and with it, the elites.
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And there's one more key lesson from the Lapua movement that is thankfully a lot more hopeful.
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We remember the fascists of Italy and the Nazis of Germany, but in reality almost every European country had their own far-right movements
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and organizations which all dreamed of taking state power either through violence
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or through some other means and almost all of them failed.
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เกี่ยวกับบทเรียนนี้
ในบทเรียนนี้ผู้เรียนจะได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับประวัติศาสตร์การเมืองของฟินแลนด์ในทศวรรษที่ 1930 โดยเฉพาะเหตุการณ์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการเคลื่อนไหวลาปัวและแนวทางที่ฟินแลนด์ใช้ในการปกป้องประชาธิปไตยจากลัทธิฟาสซิสต์ ผู้เรียนจะได้พัฒนาทักษะการฟังและการพูดผ่านการศึกษา transcript ที่มีความน่าสนใจ ซึ่งสามารถช่วยให้พวกเขาเข้าใจเทคนิคการใช้ภาษาอังกฤษในบริบททางประวัติศาสตร์ที่สำคัญ
คำศัพท์และวลีสำคัญ
- ลัทธิฟาสซิสต์ (Fascism)
- การเคลื่อนไหวลาปัว (Lapua Movement)
- ประชาธิปไตย (Democracy)
- การเป็นอิสระ (Independence)
- การปฏิวัติ (Revolution)
- การทรมาน (Torture)
- การลักพาตัว (Kidnapping)
- สหภาพโซเวียต (Soviet Union)
เคล็ดลับการฝึกปฏิบัติ
เพื่อให้การฝึกฝนภาษาอังกฤษของคุณมีประสิทธิภาพสูงสุด ขอแนะนำให้ใช้เทคนิค ชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษ โดยการฟังเสียงจากวิดีโอนี้แล้วลองทำการเลียนแบบเสียงและการพูดตามอย่างละเอียดในช่วงเวลาที่วิดีโอมีจังหวะที่เหมาะสม เทคนิคนี้เฉพาะเจาะจงกับวิดีโอในตอนนี้ ที่มีลีลาที่ชัดเจนซึ่งช่วยให้คุณเข้าใจการออกเสียงและการเน้นคำได้ดีขึ้น ขณะฝึก คุณควรให้ความสนใจต่อความเร็วและอารมณ์ของเสียง ควรพยายามพูดตามเพื่อพัฒนาความคล่องแคล่ว เช่นเดียวกับที่คุณทำใน shadowing site อาจช่วยทำให้การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษของคุณได้ผลมากยิ่งขึ้น อย่าลืมสังเกตการใช้ภาษาที่เป็นทางการและคำศัพท์เฉพาะที่ปรากฏในบทพูดนี้ ซึ่งจะสามารถช่วยเพิ่มพูนคำศัพท์ของคุณได้อย่างมาก
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | was called · was needed · was violently subdued |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | organization which is · goals, which is · those who opposed |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | they've remained · has stemmed · has been |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ