Pratica di Shadowing: The Pygmalion Effect - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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The Pygmalion effect is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to higher performance. It can be best understood by a circle where our beliefs about another person's abilities influence our actions toward the other person. This action has an impact on the other's beliefs about themselves. The beliefs about themselves cause the others actions toward us, which again reinforce our beliefs about that person. And so on and on and on. Let's look at an example and start with your beliefs. Imagine you are the coach of a basketball team and you observe your team on the first day: Chris and Joe are new members of your team. Chris reminds you of a famous player. Joe reminds you of an annoying boy from your high school years. Unconsciously you decide what to expect of each one of them. Your beliefs influence your actions: when Chris enters the court you are happy to see him. When he plays you push him to do better, practice harder, stay an extra hour. If he makes a mistake you explained to him how to improve. When Joe comes in you hardly notice him. You're glad to see him score but you don't give him much feedback and don't invest extra time in his training.
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When Joe does a mistake you are a little annoyed.
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Your actions impact their beliefs about themselves: Chris feels you appreciate him and he appreciates you in return. He believes in his own success. Joe feels you have little patience and appreciation for him he does not believe in his own success. Their beliefs about themselves causes their actions toward you: Chris finds more and more joy and playing and he never misses a training session. During the games, he gives a hundred percent all the time. Joe finds less joy in playing than before and doesn't give his full effort in the games. He starts to miss the training sessions sometimes. Which reinforces your beliefs about them: you see how Chris enjoys playing, how he trains hard and shows a fast increase in his performance. Joe seems not to be very motivated, his skills don't increase as much and he starts to show up less. You knew it right away. Thank God your instincts were right!
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The Pygmalion effect is also known as the Rosenthal experiment named after a research of Robert Rosenthal at Harvard. In a first study, he challenged test subjects to coach rats through a maze. Half the group were told their rats were extremely intelligent and specifically trained, the other half were told that their rats were dumb. In fact the rats were all the same.
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During the experiment however the "smart" rats performed well better than the "dumb" ones. This showed how the expectations of the coaches influenced even the performance of rats.
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Rosenthal then did the Pygmalion in school study together with Lenore Jacobson: at the beginning of the school year a group of elementary school teachers were told that some of their new pupils had extraordinary talent and potential. This information which was completely made up was given about random average students in each class. All students had done the IQ test in advance. By the end of the year the students that were described as more talented had significantly increased their performance in the IQ tests compared to the rest of the class. Robert Rosenthal concluded: "When we expect certain behaviors of others we are likely to act in ways that make the expected behavior more likely to occur." what do you think about this theory? And if you believe it is there a way to prevent ourselves from being shaped by others in a negative way? If you like this video and the way we explain the subject subscribe to our channel. We try to explain complex subjects and simple language and cartoons to support students all around the world in their learning. If you want to support us you can go to www.patreon.com/sprouts and donate, just $1 from many fans makes a big difference!
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 6 frasi e 677 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 4:21. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 156 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Il 86% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| belief sostantivo | /bɪˈliːf/ | credito, credenza |
| rat sostantivo | /ɹæt/ | topo, sorcio |
| experiment sostantivo | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | esperimento |
| remind verbo | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | ricordare |
| expectation sostantivo | /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/ | attesa |
| reinforce verbo | /ˌɹiː.ɪnˈfɔːs/ | rinforzare |
| occur verbo | /əˈkɜː/ | verificarsi |
| compare verbo | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | paragonare |
| skill sostantivo | /skɪl/ | abilità, capacità |
| extraordinary aggettivo | /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/ | straordinario, straordinaria |
| elementary aggettivo | /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/ | elementare |
| feedback sostantivo | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | valutazione, riscontro |
| invest verbo | /ɪnˈvɛst/ | investire |
| talented aggettivo | /ˈtæləntɪd/ | dotato, talentuoso |
| intelligent aggettivo | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | intelligente |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | comporsi |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | is also known · were told |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | information which was |
| Comparativi -er than / more … than — confrontare due cose | better than |
| Verbo + -ing enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — i verbi seguiti dalla forma in -ing | enjoys playing |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 5 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, doesn't, you're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, patience /ˈpeɪ̯.ʃəns/, appreciation /əˌpɹiː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, elementary /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come belief, rat, experiment.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.