Практика Shadowing: The Pygmalion Effect - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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The Pygmalion effect is the phenomenon whereby higher expectations lead to higher performance. It can be best understood by a circle where our beliefs about another person's abilities influence our actions toward the other person. This action has an impact on the other's beliefs about themselves. The beliefs about themselves cause the others actions toward us, which again reinforce our beliefs about that person. And so on and on and on. Let's look at an example and start with your beliefs. Imagine you are the coach of a basketball team and you observe your team on the first day: Chris and Joe are new members of your team. Chris reminds you of a famous player. Joe reminds you of an annoying boy from your high school years. Unconsciously you decide what to expect of each one of them. Your beliefs influence your actions: when Chris enters the court you are happy to see him. When he plays you push him to do better, practice harder, stay an extra hour. If he makes a mistake you explained to him how to improve. When Joe comes in you hardly notice him. You're glad to see him score but you don't give him much feedback and don't invest extra time in his training.
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When Joe does a mistake you are a little annoyed.
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Your actions impact their beliefs about themselves: Chris feels you appreciate him and he appreciates you in return. He believes in his own success. Joe feels you have little patience and appreciation for him he does not believe in his own success. Their beliefs about themselves causes their actions toward you: Chris finds more and more joy and playing and he never misses a training session. During the games, he gives a hundred percent all the time. Joe finds less joy in playing than before and doesn't give his full effort in the games. He starts to miss the training sessions sometimes. Which reinforces your beliefs about them: you see how Chris enjoys playing, how he trains hard and shows a fast increase in his performance. Joe seems not to be very motivated, his skills don't increase as much and he starts to show up less. You knew it right away. Thank God your instincts were right!
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The Pygmalion effect is also known as the Rosenthal experiment named after a research of Robert Rosenthal at Harvard. In a first study, he challenged test subjects to coach rats through a maze. Half the group were told their rats were extremely intelligent and specifically trained, the other half were told that their rats were dumb. In fact the rats were all the same.
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During the experiment however the "smart" rats performed well better than the "dumb" ones. This showed how the expectations of the coaches influenced even the performance of rats.
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Rosenthal then did the Pygmalion in school study together with Lenore Jacobson: at the beginning of the school year a group of elementary school teachers were told that some of their new pupils had extraordinary talent and potential. This information which was completely made up was given about random average students in each class. All students had done the IQ test in advance. By the end of the year the students that were described as more talented had significantly increased their performance in the IQ tests compared to the rest of the class. Robert Rosenthal concluded: "When we expect certain behaviors of others we are likely to act in ways that make the expected behavior more likely to occur." what do you think about this theory? And if you believe it is there a way to prevent ourselves from being shaped by others in a negative way? If you like this video and the way we explain the subject subscribe to our channel. We try to explain complex subjects and simple language and cartoons to support students all around the world in their learning. If you want to support us you can go to www.patreon.com/sprouts and donate, just $1 from many fans makes a big difference!
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
В этом видео 6 предложений и 677 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 4:21. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 156 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 86% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| belief существительное | /bɪˈliːf/ | ве́ра, дове́рие |
| rat существительное | /ɹæt/ | кры́са, пасю́к |
| experiment существительное | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | экспериме́нт, о́пыт |
| remind глагол | /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ | напомина́ть, напо́мнить |
| expectation существительное | /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/ | ожида́ние |
| reinforce глагол | /ˌɹiː.ɪnˈfɔːs/ | подкрепля́ть, подкрепи́ть |
| occur глагол | /əˈkɜː/ | происходи́ть, произойти́ |
| compare глагол | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | сра́внивать, сравни́ть |
| skill существительное | /skɪl/ | уме́ние, на́вык |
| extraordinary прилагательное | /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/ | необы́чный, необыча́йный |
| elementary прилагательное | /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/ | элемента́рный |
| feedback существительное | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | о́тзыв, о́тклик |
| invest глагол | /ɪnˈvɛst/ | вкла́дывать, вложи́ть |
| talented прилагательное | /ˈtæləntɪd/ | тала́нтливый, одарённый |
| intelligent прилагательное | /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/ | у́мный, разу́мный |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| make up глагол | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | составля́ть, соста́вить |
| show up глагол | объявля́ться, объяви́ться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is also known · were told |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | information which was |
| Сравнительная степень -er than / more … than — сравнение двух вещей | better than |
| Глагол + -ing enjoy, keep, stop… + -ing — глаголы, после которых идёт форма на -ing | enjoys playing |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 5 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, doesn't, you're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, patience /ˈpeɪ̯.ʃəns/, appreciation /əˌpɹiː.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, expectation /ˌɛk.spɛkˈteɪ.ʃən/, extraordinary /ɪksˈtɹɔːrdɪn(ə)ɹi/, elementary /ˌɛləˈmɛntəɹi/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как belief, rat, experiment.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.