シャドーイング練習: Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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We're on our way to a local hospital in Kigali in 1994.

In the cars are around 90

Belgian paratroopers and a handful of foreign journalists.

Further up the road, they can see men armed with machetes in front of them.

They let them pass.

A moment later, they reach the hospital hospital.

As they approach, people start running out towards them with their hands raised.

They explain to the soldiers that the men with machetes have surrounded them, and that some of them have been murdered.

The people hiding in the hospital are Tutsis, an ethnic minority in Rwanda.

The people outside are Hutus, the ethnic majority.

For decades, the Tutsis have been persecuted in Rwanda.

And when the Hutu president was killed a few days ago, Hutu extremists put the blame on the Tutsis.

The massacre sparked by the death of Rwanda's president, Juvenal Habya Ramana, a Hutu in a suspicious plane crash.

Now, the president's successor, Zhang Kambanda, wants to purge Kigali of Tutsis.

And he's already begun.

The Tutsis here, though, have been saved.

They've been hiding here for three days.

And now, finally, it's over.

But the soldiers aren't here to help any Rwandans.

Instead, they walk past the crowd and bring out the Westerners also hiding at the hospital and then they leave.

As the soldiers and journalists reach their trucks, they hear gunfire from behind them.

The Hutus from outside have started killing the people at the hospital.

The Rwandan genocide has begun.

For the past few days, Hutu extremists have been searching homes, workplaces and schools in Kigali for Tutsis to execute,

for no other reason than them being Tutsi.

Already, more than 20 ,000 Rwandans have been killed.

And now, the extremist Hutu leaders have started the next phase of their plan, to spread the killing across all of Rwanda.

Through radio broadcasts and local newspapers, they tell Hutus that the Tutsis are foreign invaders who want to turn them into slaves.

Their propaganda reminds them that the Tutsis had once ruled them for centuries and had viewed Hutus as an inferior people.

The propaganda works.

Hutu civilians from villages across Rwanda start joining local militias by the thousands.

Afraid of being seen as protecting Tutsis, families even begin pointing out their neighbours to the killers.

The punishment for sheltering Tutsis, men, women or children, is death.

Some Hutu extremists have even started referring to Tutsi survivors as those not yet finished off.

in northern Rwanda Tutsi rebels have started to push back

but progress is slow as they move down

they find evidence of massacres of entire families in village after

village in the first two weeks of the genocide more than

100 ,000 Rwandans are killed by the end of the first month that number is closer to 300 ,000.

But despite getting daily reports on the thousands of massacres happening across the country each day,

the UN Security Council has decided to implement a non -intervention policy.

We're going to go now to Mogadishu, Somalia, where there is a news story unfolding of a very different kind,

a US soldier apparently taken prisoner or hostage.

Six months ago, during a On a mission in Somalia, 18 American soldiers were on patrol in Mogadishu when they were killed by Somalian rebels.

Pictures of their bodies being dragged through the streets ran for days on American TV.

Another disaster in Africa could make it seem like

President Clinton's out of his depth on his foreign policy.

And so, the US, along with the rest of the UN Security Council, votes to withdraw 90 % of its peacekeeping force in Rwanda.

The few hundred peacekeepers still left will need to defend thousands of refugees hiding at the safe havens in Kigali.

Some posts have a dozen soldiers, others have as little as two.

Most of them are unarmed.

If the Hutus that now control most of Rwanda should decide to attack one of their shelters, the peacekeepers would be defenceless.

Comment on that or a view as to whether or not what is happening could be genocide.

Well, as I think you know, the use of the term genocide has a very precise legal meaning, although it's not strictly a legal determination.

There are other factors in there as well.

when in looking at a situation to make a determination about that before we begin to use that term,

we have to know as much as possible about the facts of the situation.

Six weeks into the genocide, with more than half a million Tutsis dead, the US refuses to acknowledge it.

Doing so would oblige them, along with all other UN members, to prevent it, according to the 1948 Genocide Convention.

Instead, the US administration introduces

Presidential Decision Directive 25,

a policy that makes it even harder for the US to support UN missions that don't serve vital national interests.

The question of our security in this era still ultimately depends

upon our decisions about where to bring our military power to bear.

The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long -simmering hatreds.

Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts from Rwanda to Georgia.

Whether we get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts

in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.

Rwanda is of no interest to America.

It is, in every sense, a conflict with no strategic value.

Only after the Tutsi rebels take most of eastern Rwanda, and after weeks of daily reports from journalists, aid workers and the Red Cross,

does it become impossible for the UN Security Council to ignore the genocide.

In the middle of May, it authorises an expanded mission of 5 ,500 peacekeepers.

But the decision comes without troops, equipment or transport ready to deploy.

And when a US advisor suggests jamming the extremist radio broadcasts,

a lawyer in the Pentagon argues that it would violate the US constitutional principle of freedom of speech.

The only real effort to stop the killing comes from inside Rwanda.

Here, UN commander Romeo Dallaire has managed to keep thousands of Tutsi civilians alive with the few peacekeepers he has left.

Among them is Captain Mbaye.

On his own and with his jeep, he drives through the streets of Kigali to pick up Tutsi refugees still hiding in the city.

Like many of his peacekeeping colleagues, Mbaye is unarmed.

So to get past the many Hutu roadblocks in the city, he manages to talk his way through on charisma alone.

In late May, on his way back from delivering messages from the Rwandan UN headquarters,

Mbaye drives through a junction in central Kigali when a mortar shell lands beside the jeep.

He's killed instantly.

During the genocide, Mbaye and the rest of the UN peacekeepers are credited with saving an estimated 30 ,000 Rwandans.

Around the middle of July, the Tutsi rebels managed to take Kigali.

The Rwandan genocide is over.

For the hundred days it lasted, more than 800 ,000 people were killed.

Not once were the peacekeepers given the manpower, equipment or political backing they needed to protect the people in Rwanda.

In the following years, world leaders who stood by and watched as the genocide happened come to Rwanda.

in march of 1998 four years after the genocide president clinton

too flies into kigali for the first time in his presidency during his stay in

which he never leaves the airport he meets with survivors

and officials and addresses the rwandan people and

so i say to you though the road is hard

and uncertain and there are many difficulties ahead there are things we can do

and if we set about the business of doing them together you can't overcome the awful burden that you have endured.

Thank you and God bless you.

100

In his speech of more than 2 ,000 words, he acknowledges that the US failed to respond,

101

but never offers an apology. And then he leaves.

102

In his memoir, President Clinton would call the failure of intervening in the Rwandan genocide one of the greatest regrets of his presidency.

103

similar expressions of regret would appear in several of the memoirs

104

and biographies released by other world leaders in the years following the end of their careers

105

but i would like to ask you about your feelings

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you're in your heart in your soul not in your brain

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when you see the piles of corpses

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you know strewn throughout rwanda coming down the rivers in the lakes how do you respond to

109

that on an emotional level i will try not to be emotional let us recognize

110

that it is a failure it is a failure not only for the united nations

111

but it is a failure for the international community

112

and all of us are responsible of this failure it is a genocide

113

which has been committed unfortunately let us say with great humility

114

i failed it is a scandal i'm the first one to say it and i'm ready to repeat it

115

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Tutsi, rwanda, Hutu, genocide, rwandan。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が115文、単語が1501語あります。音声の長さは12:02です。話す速さは1分あたり約125語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
genocide 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/	集団虐殺, ジェノサイド
rebel 名詞	/ˈɹɛb.əl/	反逆者
journalist 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/	記者, ジャーナリスト
ethnic 形容詞	/ˈɛθ.nɪk/	民族の
massacre 名詞	/ˈmæs.ə.kə(ɹ)/	大虐殺, 虐殺
broadcast 名詞	/ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/	放送
regret 動詞	/ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/	後悔する, 悔いる
shelter 名詞	/ˈʃɛltə/	避難所
leaf 名詞	/lif/	葉, 葉っぱ
depend 動詞	/dɪˈpɛnd/	依存する
acknowledge 動詞	/əkˈnɑ.lɪd͡ʒ/	承認する, 認める
determination 名詞	/dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/	決意する
presidency 名詞	/ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/	大統領職, 社長職
survivor 名詞	/sɚˈvaɪvɚ/	生存者, 生き残り
ignore 動詞	/ɪɡˈnɔː/	無視する, 忽略する

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
come down 動詞	降りる
pick up 動詞	拾う, 拾い上げる
point out 動詞	指す, 指し示す

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
現在完了進行形 have/has been + -ing — 以前に始まり今も続いている動作	They've been hiding · have been searching
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	have surrounded · have been persecuted · have been saved
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	have been murdered · have been persecuted · was killed

注意したい発音

話し手はI'm, we're, aren'tなど、短縮形や弱形を9回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「th」の音: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/
「sh」と「zh」の音: shelter /ˈʃɛltə/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, shell /ʃɛl/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: rebel /ˈɹɛb.əl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, strictly /ˈstɹɪktli/, patrol /pəˈtɹoʊl/, cauldron /ˈkɔːl.dɹən/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, survivor /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/, vital /ˈvaɪtəl/, slave /sleɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: leaf /lif/, defend /dɪˈfɪnd/, awful /ˈɔːfʊl/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。genocide, rebel, journalistなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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