Практика Shadowing: Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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115 предложений
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1
We're on our way to a local hospital in Kigali in 1994.
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In the cars are around 90
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Belgian paratroopers and a handful of foreign journalists.
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Further up the road, they can see men armed with machetes in front of them.
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They let them pass.
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A moment later, they reach the hospital hospital.
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As they approach, people start running out towards them with their hands raised.
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They explain to the soldiers that the men with machetes have surrounded them, and that some of them have been murdered.
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The people hiding in the hospital are Tutsis, an ethnic minority in Rwanda.
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The people outside are Hutus, the ethnic majority.
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For decades, the Tutsis have been persecuted in Rwanda.
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And when the Hutu president was killed a few days ago, Hutu extremists put the blame on the Tutsis.
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The massacre sparked by the death of Rwanda's president, Juvenal Habya Ramana, a Hutu in a suspicious plane crash.
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Now, the president's successor, Zhang Kambanda, wants to purge Kigali of Tutsis.
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And he's already begun.
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The Tutsis here, though, have been saved.
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They've been hiding here for three days.
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And now, finally, it's over.
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But the soldiers aren't here to help any Rwandans.
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Instead, they walk past the crowd and bring out the Westerners also hiding at the hospital and then they leave.
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As the soldiers and journalists reach their trucks, they hear gunfire from behind them.
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The Hutus from outside have started killing the people at the hospital.
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The Rwandan genocide has begun.
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For the past few days, Hutu extremists have been searching homes, workplaces and schools in Kigali for Tutsis to execute,
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for no other reason than them being Tutsi.
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Already, more than 20 ,000 Rwandans have been killed.
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And now, the extremist Hutu leaders have started the next phase of their plan, to spread the killing across all of Rwanda.
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Through radio broadcasts and local newspapers, they tell Hutus that the Tutsis are foreign invaders who want to turn them into slaves.
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Their propaganda reminds them that the Tutsis had once ruled them for centuries and had viewed Hutus as an inferior people.
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The propaganda works.
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Hutu civilians from villages across Rwanda start joining local militias by the thousands.
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Afraid of being seen as protecting Tutsis, families even begin pointing out their neighbours to the killers.
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The punishment for sheltering Tutsis, men, women or children, is death.
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Some Hutu extremists have even started referring to Tutsi survivors as those not yet finished off.
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in northern Rwanda Tutsi rebels have started to push back
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but progress is slow as they move down
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they find evidence of massacres of entire families in village after
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village in the first two weeks of the genocide more than
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100 ,000 Rwandans are killed by the end of the first month that number is closer to 300 ,000.
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But despite getting daily reports on the thousands of massacres happening across the country each day,
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the UN Security Council has decided to implement a non -intervention policy.
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We're going to go now to Mogadishu, Somalia, where there is a news story unfolding of a very different kind,
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a US soldier apparently taken prisoner or hostage.
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Six months ago, during a On a mission in Somalia, 18 American soldiers were on patrol in Mogadishu when they were killed by Somalian rebels.
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Pictures of their bodies being dragged through the streets ran for days on American TV.
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Another disaster in Africa could make it seem like
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President Clinton's out of his depth on his foreign policy.
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And so, the US, along with the rest of the UN Security Council, votes to withdraw 90 % of its peacekeeping force in Rwanda.
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The few hundred peacekeepers still left will need to defend thousands of refugees hiding at the safe havens in Kigali.
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Some posts have a dozen soldiers, others have as little as two.
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Most of them are unarmed.
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If the Hutus that now control most of Rwanda should decide to attack one of their shelters, the peacekeepers would be defenceless.
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Comment on that or a view as to whether or not what is happening could be genocide.
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Well, as I think you know, the use of the term genocide has a very precise legal meaning, although it's not strictly a legal determination.
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There are other factors in there as well.
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when in looking at a situation to make a determination about that before we begin to use that term,
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we have to know as much as possible about the facts of the situation.
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Six weeks into the genocide, with more than half a million Tutsis dead, the US refuses to acknowledge it.
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Doing so would oblige them, along with all other UN members, to prevent it, according to the 1948 Genocide Convention.
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Instead, the US administration introduces
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Presidential Decision Directive 25,
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a policy that makes it even harder for the US to support UN missions that don't serve vital national interests.
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The question of our security in this era still ultimately depends
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upon our decisions about where to bring our military power to bear.
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The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long -simmering hatreds.
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Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts from Rwanda to Georgia.
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Whether we get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts
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in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.
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Rwanda is of no interest to America.
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It is, in every sense, a conflict with no strategic value.
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Only after the Tutsi rebels take most of eastern Rwanda, and after weeks of daily reports from journalists, aid workers and the Red Cross,
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does it become impossible for the UN Security Council to ignore the genocide.
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In the middle of May, it authorises an expanded mission of 5 ,500 peacekeepers.
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But the decision comes without troops, equipment or transport ready to deploy.
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And when a US advisor suggests jamming the extremist radio broadcasts,
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a lawyer in the Pentagon argues that it would violate the US constitutional principle of freedom of speech.
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The only real effort to stop the killing comes from inside Rwanda.
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Here, UN commander Romeo Dallaire has managed to keep thousands of Tutsi civilians alive with the few peacekeepers he has left.
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Among them is Captain Mbaye.
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On his own and with his jeep, he drives through the streets of Kigali to pick up Tutsi refugees still hiding in the city.
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Like many of his peacekeeping colleagues, Mbaye is unarmed.
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So to get past the many Hutu roadblocks in the city, he manages to talk his way through on charisma alone.
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In late May, on his way back from delivering messages from the Rwandan UN headquarters,
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Mbaye drives through a junction in central Kigali when a mortar shell lands beside the jeep.
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He's killed instantly.
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During the genocide, Mbaye and the rest of the UN peacekeepers are credited with saving an estimated 30 ,000 Rwandans.
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Around the middle of July, the Tutsi rebels managed to take Kigali.
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The Rwandan genocide is over.
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For the hundred days it lasted, more than 800 ,000 people were killed.
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Not once were the peacekeepers given the manpower, equipment or political backing they needed to protect the people in Rwanda.
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In the following years, world leaders who stood by and watched as the genocide happened come to Rwanda.
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in march of 1998 four years after the genocide president clinton
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too flies into kigali for the first time in his presidency during his stay in
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which he never leaves the airport he meets with survivors
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and officials and addresses the rwandan people and
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so i say to you though the road is hard
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and uncertain and there are many difficulties ahead there are things we can do
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and if we set about the business of doing them together you can't overcome the awful burden that you have endured.
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Thank you and God bless you.
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In his speech of more than 2 ,000 words, he acknowledges that the US failed to respond,
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but never offers an apology. And then he leaves.
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In his memoir, President Clinton would call the failure of intervening in the Rwandan genocide one of the greatest regrets of his presidency.
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similar expressions of regret would appear in several of the memoirs
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and biographies released by other world leaders in the years following the end of their careers
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but i would like to ask you about your feelings
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you're in your heart in your soul not in your brain
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when you see the piles of corpses
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you know strewn throughout rwanda coming down the rivers in the lakes how do you respond to
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that on an emotional level i will try not to be emotional let us recognize
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that it is a failure it is a failure not only for the united nations
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but it is a failure for the international community
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and all of us are responsible of this failure it is a genocide
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which has been committed unfortunately let us say with great humility
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i failed it is a scandal i'm the first one to say it and i'm ready to repeat it
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide». Чаще всего повторяются слова: Tutsi, rwanda, Hutu, genocide, rwandan. В этом видео 115 предложений и 1501 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 12:02. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 125 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. Только 79% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| genocide существительное | /ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/ | геноци́д |
| rebel существительное | /ˈɹɛb.əl/ | бунтовщи́к, бунтовщи́ца |
| journalist существительное | /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/ | журнали́ст, журнали́стка |
| ethnic прилагательное | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | этни́ческий, национа́льный |
| massacre существительное | /ˈmæs.ə.kə(ɹ)/ | резня́, бо́йня |
| broadcast существительное | /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/ | переда́ча, трансля́ция |
| regret глагол | /ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/ | сожале́ть, жале́ть |
| shelter существительное | /ˈʃɛltə/ | убе́жище, укры́тие |
| leaf существительное | /lif/ | лист, ли́стья |
| depend глагол | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | зави́сеть |
| acknowledge глагол | /əkˈnɑ.lɪd͡ʒ/ | признава́ть, призна́ть |
| determination существительное | /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/ | определе́ние |
| presidency существительное | /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/ | президе́нтство, председа́тельство |
| survivor существительное | /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/ | вы́живший, оста́вшийся в живы́х |
| unarmed прилагательное | /ˌʌnˈɑɹmd/ | невооружённый, безору́жный |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| come down глагол | спуска́ться, спусти́ться |
| finish off глагол | поко́нчить |
| pick up глагол | подбира́ть, подобра́ть |
| point out глагол | ука́зывать, указа́ть |
| run out глагол | зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается | They've been hiding · have been searching |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have surrounded · have been persecuted · have been saved |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | have been murdered · have been persecuted · was killed |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 9 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, we're, aren't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shelter /ˈʃɛltə/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, shell /ʃɛl/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: headquarters /ˈhɛdˌk(w)ɔɹ.tɚz/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/, workplace /ˈwɝkˌpleɪs/, memoir /ˈmɛmˌwɑː/, memoirs /ˈmɛmˌwɑɹz/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: headquarters /ˈhɛdˌk(w)ɔɹ.tɚz/, haven /ˈheɪvən/, handful /ˈhæn(d)fʊl/, hatred /ˈheɪtɹɪd/, hostage /ˈhɑs.tɪd͡ʒ/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: genocide /ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, acknowledge /əkˈnɑ.lɪd͡ʒ/, civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, unarmed /ˌʌnˈɑɹmd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как genocide, rebel, journalist.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.