跟讀練習: Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide - 通過影片學習英語口語
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115 句
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We're on our way to a local hospital in Kigali in 1994.
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In the cars are around 90
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Belgian paratroopers and a handful of foreign journalists.
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Further up the road, they can see men armed with machetes in front of them.
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They let them pass.
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A moment later, they reach the hospital hospital.
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As they approach, people start running out towards them with their hands raised.
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They explain to the soldiers that the men with machetes have surrounded them, and that some of them have been murdered.
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The people hiding in the hospital are Tutsis, an ethnic minority in Rwanda.
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The people outside are Hutus, the ethnic majority.
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For decades, the Tutsis have been persecuted in Rwanda.
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And when the Hutu president was killed a few days ago, Hutu extremists put the blame on the Tutsis.
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The massacre sparked by the death of Rwanda's president, Juvenal Habya Ramana, a Hutu in a suspicious plane crash.
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Now, the president's successor, Zhang Kambanda, wants to purge Kigali of Tutsis.
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And he's already begun.
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The Tutsis here, though, have been saved.
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They've been hiding here for three days.
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And now, finally, it's over.
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But the soldiers aren't here to help any Rwandans.
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Instead, they walk past the crowd and bring out the Westerners also hiding at the hospital and then they leave.
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As the soldiers and journalists reach their trucks, they hear gunfire from behind them.
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The Hutus from outside have started killing the people at the hospital.
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The Rwandan genocide has begun.
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For the past few days, Hutu extremists have been searching homes, workplaces and schools in Kigali for Tutsis to execute,
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for no other reason than them being Tutsi.
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Already, more than 20 ,000 Rwandans have been killed.
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And now, the extremist Hutu leaders have started the next phase of their plan, to spread the killing across all of Rwanda.
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Through radio broadcasts and local newspapers, they tell Hutus that the Tutsis are foreign invaders who want to turn them into slaves.
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Their propaganda reminds them that the Tutsis had once ruled them for centuries and had viewed Hutus as an inferior people.
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The propaganda works.
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Hutu civilians from villages across Rwanda start joining local militias by the thousands.
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Afraid of being seen as protecting Tutsis, families even begin pointing out their neighbours to the killers.
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The punishment for sheltering Tutsis, men, women or children, is death.
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Some Hutu extremists have even started referring to Tutsi survivors as those not yet finished off.
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in northern Rwanda Tutsi rebels have started to push back
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but progress is slow as they move down
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they find evidence of massacres of entire families in village after
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village in the first two weeks of the genocide more than
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100 ,000 Rwandans are killed by the end of the first month that number is closer to 300 ,000.
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But despite getting daily reports on the thousands of massacres happening across the country each day,
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the UN Security Council has decided to implement a non -intervention policy.
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We're going to go now to Mogadishu, Somalia, where there is a news story unfolding of a very different kind,
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a US soldier apparently taken prisoner or hostage.
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Six months ago, during a On a mission in Somalia, 18 American soldiers were on patrol in Mogadishu when they were killed by Somalian rebels.
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Pictures of their bodies being dragged through the streets ran for days on American TV.
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Another disaster in Africa could make it seem like
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President Clinton's out of his depth on his foreign policy.
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And so, the US, along with the rest of the UN Security Council, votes to withdraw 90 % of its peacekeeping force in Rwanda.
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The few hundred peacekeepers still left will need to defend thousands of refugees hiding at the safe havens in Kigali.
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Some posts have a dozen soldiers, others have as little as two.
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Most of them are unarmed.
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If the Hutus that now control most of Rwanda should decide to attack one of their shelters, the peacekeepers would be defenceless.
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Comment on that or a view as to whether or not what is happening could be genocide.
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Well, as I think you know, the use of the term genocide has a very precise legal meaning, although it's not strictly a legal determination.
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There are other factors in there as well.
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when in looking at a situation to make a determination about that before we begin to use that term,
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we have to know as much as possible about the facts of the situation.
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Six weeks into the genocide, with more than half a million Tutsis dead, the US refuses to acknowledge it.
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Doing so would oblige them, along with all other UN members, to prevent it, according to the 1948 Genocide Convention.
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Instead, the US administration introduces
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Presidential Decision Directive 25,
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a policy that makes it even harder for the US to support UN missions that don't serve vital national interests.
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The question of our security in this era still ultimately depends
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upon our decisions about where to bring our military power to bear.
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The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long -simmering hatreds.
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Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts from Rwanda to Georgia.
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Whether we get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts
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in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.
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Rwanda is of no interest to America.
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It is, in every sense, a conflict with no strategic value.
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Only after the Tutsi rebels take most of eastern Rwanda, and after weeks of daily reports from journalists, aid workers and the Red Cross,
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does it become impossible for the UN Security Council to ignore the genocide.
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In the middle of May, it authorises an expanded mission of 5 ,500 peacekeepers.
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But the decision comes without troops, equipment or transport ready to deploy.
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And when a US advisor suggests jamming the extremist radio broadcasts,
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a lawyer in the Pentagon argues that it would violate the US constitutional principle of freedom of speech.
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The only real effort to stop the killing comes from inside Rwanda.
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Here, UN commander Romeo Dallaire has managed to keep thousands of Tutsi civilians alive with the few peacekeepers he has left.
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Among them is Captain Mbaye.
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On his own and with his jeep, he drives through the streets of Kigali to pick up Tutsi refugees still hiding in the city.
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Like many of his peacekeeping colleagues, Mbaye is unarmed.
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So to get past the many Hutu roadblocks in the city, he manages to talk his way through on charisma alone.
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In late May, on his way back from delivering messages from the Rwandan UN headquarters,
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Mbaye drives through a junction in central Kigali when a mortar shell lands beside the jeep.
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He's killed instantly.
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During the genocide, Mbaye and the rest of the UN peacekeepers are credited with saving an estimated 30 ,000 Rwandans.
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Around the middle of July, the Tutsi rebels managed to take Kigali.
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The Rwandan genocide is over.
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For the hundred days it lasted, more than 800 ,000 people were killed.
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Not once were the peacekeepers given the manpower, equipment or political backing they needed to protect the people in Rwanda.
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In the following years, world leaders who stood by and watched as the genocide happened come to Rwanda.
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in march of 1998 four years after the genocide president clinton
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too flies into kigali for the first time in his presidency during his stay in
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which he never leaves the airport he meets with survivors
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and officials and addresses the rwandan people and
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so i say to you though the road is hard
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and uncertain and there are many difficulties ahead there are things we can do
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and if we set about the business of doing them together you can't overcome the awful burden that you have endured.
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Thank you and God bless you.
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In his speech of more than 2 ,000 words, he acknowledges that the US failed to respond,
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but never offers an apology. And then he leaves.
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In his memoir, President Clinton would call the failure of intervening in the Rwandan genocide one of the greatest regrets of his presidency.
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similar expressions of regret would appear in several of the memoirs
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and biographies released by other world leaders in the years following the end of their careers
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but i would like to ask you about your feelings
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you're in your heart in your soul not in your brain
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when you see the piles of corpses
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you know strewn throughout rwanda coming down the rivers in the lakes how do you respond to
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that on an emotional level i will try not to be emotional let us recognize
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that it is a failure it is a failure not only for the united nations
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but it is a failure for the international community
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and all of us are responsible of this failure it is a genocide
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which has been committed unfortunately let us say with great humility
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i failed it is a scandal i'm the first one to say it and i'm ready to repeat it
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Nigerian news
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：Tutsi, rwanda, Hutu, genocide, rwandan。 這段影片共有 115 個句子、1501 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 12:02。 說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 125 個詞，很適合跟讀。 只有 79% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| genocide 名詞 | /ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/ | 種族滅絕 /種族滅絕 |
| rebel 名詞 | /ˈɹɛb.əl/ | 反叛者, 起義者 /起義者 |
| journalist 名詞 | /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/ | 記者 /記者, 新聞工作者 /新聞工作者 |
| ethnic 形容詞 | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | 民族 |
| massacre 名詞 | /ˈmæs.ə.kə(ɹ)/ | 大屠殺 /大屠殺, 屠殺 /屠殺 |
| broadcast 名詞 | /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/ | 廣播 /廣播 |
| regret 動詞 | /ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/ | 後悔 /後悔, 遺憾 /遺憾 |
| shelter 名詞 | /ˈʃɛltə/ | 棲身之地 /棲身之地, 住處 /住處 |
| leaf 名詞 | /lif/ | еезы, еер |
| depend 動詞 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 信任, 信賴 /信賴 |
| acknowledge 動詞 | /əkˈnɑ.lɪd͡ʒ/ | 承認 /承認 |
| determination 名詞 | /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/ | 測定 /測定, 測量 /測量 |
| presidency 名詞 | /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/ | 主席席位 |
| survivor 名詞 | /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/ | 倖存者 |
| ignore 動詞 | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | 無視 /無視, 忽略 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| come down 動詞 | 下來 /下來, 降 |
| pick up 動詞 | 拾取, 撿 /撿 |
| point out 動詞 | 指, 指出 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 現在完成進行時 have/has been + -ing — 以前開始、現在仍在繼續的動作 | They've been hiding · have been searching |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | have surrounded · have been persecuted · have been saved |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | have been murdered · have been persecuted · was killed |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 9 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 I'm, we're, aren't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “th” 音: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: shelter /ˈʃɛltə/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, shell /ʃɛl/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, survivor /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/, vital /ˈvaɪtəl/, slave /sleɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: genocide /ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/, journalist /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/, ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, broadcast /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/, regret /ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: rebel /ˈɹɛb.əl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, strictly /ˈstɹɪktli/, patrol /pəˈtɹoʊl/, cauldron /ˈkɔːl.dɹən/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 genocide, rebel, journalist 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。