تدريب Shadowing: Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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We're on our way to a local hospital in Kigali in 1994.
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In the cars are around 90
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Belgian paratroopers and a handful of foreign journalists.
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Further up the road, they can see men armed with machetes in front of them.
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They let them pass.
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A moment later, they reach the hospital hospital.
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As they approach, people start running out towards them with their hands raised.
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They explain to the soldiers that the men with machetes have surrounded them, and that some of them have been murdered.
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The people hiding in the hospital are Tutsis, an ethnic minority in Rwanda.
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The people outside are Hutus, the ethnic majority.
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For decades, the Tutsis have been persecuted in Rwanda.
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And when the Hutu president was killed a few days ago, Hutu extremists put the blame on the Tutsis.
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The massacre sparked by the death of Rwanda's president, Juvenal Habya Ramana, a Hutu in a suspicious plane crash.
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Now, the president's successor, Zhang Kambanda, wants to purge Kigali of Tutsis.
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And he's already begun.
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The Tutsis here, though, have been saved.
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They've been hiding here for three days.
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And now, finally, it's over.
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But the soldiers aren't here to help any Rwandans.
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Instead, they walk past the crowd and bring out the Westerners also hiding at the hospital and then they leave.
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As the soldiers and journalists reach their trucks, they hear gunfire from behind them.
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The Hutus from outside have started killing the people at the hospital.
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The Rwandan genocide has begun.
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For the past few days, Hutu extremists have been searching homes, workplaces and schools in Kigali for Tutsis to execute,
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for no other reason than them being Tutsi.
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Already, more than 20 ,000 Rwandans have been killed.
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And now, the extremist Hutu leaders have started the next phase of their plan, to spread the killing across all of Rwanda.
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Through radio broadcasts and local newspapers, they tell Hutus that the Tutsis are foreign invaders who want to turn them into slaves.
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Their propaganda reminds them that the Tutsis had once ruled them for centuries and had viewed Hutus as an inferior people.
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The propaganda works.
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Hutu civilians from villages across Rwanda start joining local militias by the thousands.
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Afraid of being seen as protecting Tutsis, families even begin pointing out their neighbours to the killers.
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The punishment for sheltering Tutsis, men, women or children, is death.
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Some Hutu extremists have even started referring to Tutsi survivors as those not yet finished off.
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in northern Rwanda Tutsi rebels have started to push back
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but progress is slow as they move down
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they find evidence of massacres of entire families in village after
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village in the first two weeks of the genocide more than
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100 ,000 Rwandans are killed by the end of the first month that number is closer to 300 ,000.
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But despite getting daily reports on the thousands of massacres happening across the country each day,
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the UN Security Council has decided to implement a non -intervention policy.
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We're going to go now to Mogadishu, Somalia, where there is a news story unfolding of a very different kind,
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a US soldier apparently taken prisoner or hostage.
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Six months ago, during a On a mission in Somalia, 18 American soldiers were on patrol in Mogadishu when they were killed by Somalian rebels.
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Pictures of their bodies being dragged through the streets ran for days on American TV.
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Another disaster in Africa could make it seem like
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President Clinton's out of his depth on his foreign policy.
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And so, the US, along with the rest of the UN Security Council, votes to withdraw 90 % of its peacekeeping force in Rwanda.
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The few hundred peacekeepers still left will need to defend thousands of refugees hiding at the safe havens in Kigali.
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Some posts have a dozen soldiers, others have as little as two.
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Most of them are unarmed.
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If the Hutus that now control most of Rwanda should decide to attack one of their shelters, the peacekeepers would be defenceless.
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Comment on that or a view as to whether or not what is happening could be genocide.
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Well, as I think you know, the use of the term genocide has a very precise legal meaning, although it's not strictly a legal determination.
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There are other factors in there as well.
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when in looking at a situation to make a determination about that before we begin to use that term,
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we have to know as much as possible about the facts of the situation.
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Six weeks into the genocide, with more than half a million Tutsis dead, the US refuses to acknowledge it.
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Doing so would oblige them, along with all other UN members, to prevent it, according to the 1948 Genocide Convention.
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Instead, the US administration introduces
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Presidential Decision Directive 25,
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a policy that makes it even harder for the US to support UN missions that don't serve vital national interests.
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The question of our security in this era still ultimately depends
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upon our decisions about where to bring our military power to bear.
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The end of the superpower standoff lifted the lid from a cauldron of long -simmering hatreds.
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Now the entire global terrain is bloody with such conflicts from Rwanda to Georgia.
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Whether we get involved in any of the world's ethnic conflicts
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in the end must depend on the cumulative weight of the American interests at stake.
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Rwanda is of no interest to America.
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It is, in every sense, a conflict with no strategic value.
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Only after the Tutsi rebels take most of eastern Rwanda, and after weeks of daily reports from journalists, aid workers and the Red Cross,
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does it become impossible for the UN Security Council to ignore the genocide.
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In the middle of May, it authorises an expanded mission of 5 ,500 peacekeepers.
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But the decision comes without troops, equipment or transport ready to deploy.
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And when a US advisor suggests jamming the extremist radio broadcasts,
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a lawyer in the Pentagon argues that it would violate the US constitutional principle of freedom of speech.
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The only real effort to stop the killing comes from inside Rwanda.
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Here, UN commander Romeo Dallaire has managed to keep thousands of Tutsi civilians alive with the few peacekeepers he has left.
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Among them is Captain Mbaye.
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On his own and with his jeep, he drives through the streets of Kigali to pick up Tutsi refugees still hiding in the city.
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Like many of his peacekeeping colleagues, Mbaye is unarmed.
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So to get past the many Hutu roadblocks in the city, he manages to talk his way through on charisma alone.
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In late May, on his way back from delivering messages from the Rwandan UN headquarters,
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Mbaye drives through a junction in central Kigali when a mortar shell lands beside the jeep.
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He's killed instantly.
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During the genocide, Mbaye and the rest of the UN peacekeepers are credited with saving an estimated 30 ,000 Rwandans.
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Around the middle of July, the Tutsi rebels managed to take Kigali.
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The Rwandan genocide is over.
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For the hundred days it lasted, more than 800 ,000 people were killed.
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Not once were the peacekeepers given the manpower, equipment or political backing they needed to protect the people in Rwanda.
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In the following years, world leaders who stood by and watched as the genocide happened come to Rwanda.
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in march of 1998 four years after the genocide president clinton
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too flies into kigali for the first time in his presidency during his stay in
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which he never leaves the airport he meets with survivors
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and officials and addresses the rwandan people and
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so i say to you though the road is hard
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and uncertain and there are many difficulties ahead there are things we can do
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and if we set about the business of doing them together you can't overcome the awful burden that you have endured.
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Thank you and God bless you.
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In his speech of more than 2 ,000 words, he acknowledges that the US failed to respond,
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but never offers an apology. And then he leaves.
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In his memoir, President Clinton would call the failure of intervening in the Rwandan genocide one of the greatest regrets of his presidency.
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similar expressions of regret would appear in several of the memoirs
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and biographies released by other world leaders in the years following the end of their careers
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but i would like to ask you about your feelings
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you're in your heart in your soul not in your brain
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when you see the piles of corpses
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you know strewn throughout rwanda coming down the rivers in the lakes how do you respond to
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that on an emotional level i will try not to be emotional let us recognize
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that it is a failure it is a failure not only for the united nations
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but it is a failure for the international community
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and all of us are responsible of this failure it is a genocide
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which has been committed unfortunately let us say with great humility
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i failed it is a scandal i'm the first one to say it and i'm ready to repeat it
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Nigerian news
تنزيل التطبيق
كل ما تحتاجه للتحدث بطلاقة
تقييم النطق بالذكاء الاصطناعيتقييم كل جملة
تدريب IPAأتقن كل صوت
المفرداتابنِ رصيدك من الكلمات
لعبة المفرداتتعلّم أثناء اللعب
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
هذا الدرس في المحادثة مبني على الفيديو “Why nobody stopped the Rwandan genocide”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: Tutsi, rwanda, Hutu, genocide, rwandan. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 115 جملة و1501 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 12:02. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 125 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 79% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| genocide اسم | /ˈd͡ʒɛnəsaɪd/ | إِبَادَة جَمَاعِيَّة |
| rebel اسم | /ˈɹɛb.əl/ | مُتَمَرِّد, مُتَمَرِّدَة |
| journalist اسم | /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/ | صَحَفِيّ, صَحَفِيَّة |
| ethnic صفة | /ˈɛθ.nɪk/ | عِرْقِيّ |
| massacre اسم | /ˈmæs.ə.kə(ɹ)/ | مَذْبَحَة, مَجْزَرَة |
| broadcast اسم | /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/ | تَلْفَزَة, إِذَاعَة |
| regret فعل | /ɹɪˈɡɹɛt/ | نَدِمَ, تَأَسَّفَ |
| shelter اسم | /ˈʃɛltə/ | مَلَاذ, مَخْلَص |
| leaf اسم | /lif/ | وَرَقَة, وَرَقة |
| acknowledge فعل | /əkˈnɑ.lɪd͡ʒ/ | شَكَرَ |
| determination اسم | /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/ | عَزِيمَة |
| presidency اسم | /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/ | رئاسة |
| unarmed صفة | /ˌʌnˈɑɹmd/ | أَعْزَل |
| ignore فعل | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | تَجَاهَلَ, طَنَّش |
| defend فعل | /dɪˈfɪnd/ | دَافَعَ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| pick up فعل | قَطَفَ |
| point out فعل | أَشَارَ |
| run out فعل | نَفِدَ |
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المضارع التام المستمر have/has been + -ing — حدث بدأ سابقًا وما زال مستمرًا | They've been hiding · have been searching |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | have surrounded · have been persecuted · have been saved |
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | have been murdered · have been persecuted · was killed |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 9 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل I'm, we're, aren't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: ethnic /ˈɛθ.nɪk/, withdraw /wɪðˈdɹɔ/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: shelter /ˈʃɛltə/, determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, shell /ʃɛl/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: determination /dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃən/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, minority /maɪˈnɒɹ.ɪ.ti/, constitutional /ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃ(ə)n.(ə)l/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/
أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:
- /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/
- /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/, survivor /sɚˈvaɪvɚ/, vital /ˈvaɪtəl/, slave /sleɪv/, overcome /ˌəʊ.vəˈkʌm/
- تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: journalist /ˈd͡ʒɝnəlɪst/, broadcast /ˈbɹɔːd(ˌ)kɑːst/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, presidency /ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/, civilians /sɪˈvɪl.jənz/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل genocide, rebel, journalist.
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.