Shadowing Practice: C14 | Test 4 | Section 4 | 31-40 | Completion Notes | IELTS Listening Test | Learn English with Hang - Learn English Speaking with Video
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IELTS 14 Test 4 Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about a branch of archaeology called marine archaeology.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's class, I'm going to talk about marine archaeology,
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the branch of archaeology focusing on human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers.
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It's the study of ships, cargoes, shipping facilities and other physical remains.
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I'll give you an example,
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Then go on to show how this type of research is being transformed by the use of the latest technology.
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At Lityam was a village on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, which seems to have been thriving until around 7000 BC.
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The residents kept cattle, caught fish and stored grain.
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They had wells for fresh water.
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Many of their houses were built around a courtyard and were constructed of stone.
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The village contained an impressive monument,
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seven half-ton stones standing in a semi-circle around a spring that might have been used for ceremonial purposes.
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Atlet Yam may have been destroyed swiftly by a tsunami,
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or climate change may have caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, flooding the village gradually.
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Whatever the cause, it now lies ten metres below the surface of the Mediterranean, buried under sand at the bottom of the sea.
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It's been described as the largest and best-preserved prehistoric settlement ever found on the seabed.
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For marine archaeologists, Atlet Yam is a treasure trove.
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Research on the buildings, tools and the human remains has revealed how the bustling village once functioned,
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and even what diseases some of its residents suffered from.
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But of course, this is only one small village, one window into a lost world.
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For a fuller picture, researchers need more sunken settlements, but the hard part is finding them.
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Underwater research used to require divers to find shipwrecks or artefacts, but in the second half of the 20th century,
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various types of underwater vehicles were developed, some controlled from a ship on the surface, and some of them autonomous,
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which means they don't need to be operated by a person.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles, or AUVs, are used in the oil industry,
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for instance, to create maps of the seabed before rigs and pipelines are installed.
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To navigate, they use sensors such as compasses and sonar.
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Until relatively recently they were very expensive and so heavy
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that they had to be launched from a large vessel with a winch.
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But the latest AUVs are much easier to manoeuvre.
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They can be launched from the shore or a small ship.
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And they're much cheaper, which makes them more accessible to research teams.
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They are also very sophisticated.
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can communicate with each other and,
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for example, work out the most efficient way to survey a site or to find particular objects on the seabed.
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Field tests show the approach can work.
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For example, in a trial in 2015, three AUVs searched for wrecks at Martzimemi, off the coast of Sicily.
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The site is the final resting place of an ancient Roman ship
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which sank in the 6th century AD while ferrying prefabricated marble elements for the construction of an early church.
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The AUVs mapped the area in detail, finding other ships carrying columns of the same material.
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Creating an Internet in the sea for AUVs to communicate is no easy matter.
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Wi-Fi networks on land use electromagnetic waves, but in water these will only travel a few centimetres.
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Instead, a more complex mix of technologies is required.
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For short distances, AUVs can share data using light,
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while acoustic waves are used to communicate over long distances.
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But more creative solutions are also being developed,
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where an AUV working on the seabed offloads data to a second AUV,
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which then surfaces and beams the data home to the research team using a satellite.
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There's also a system that enables AUVs to share information from seabed scans and other data.
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So, if an AUV surveying the seabed finds an intriguing object, it can share the coordinates of the object,
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that is its position, with a nearby AUV that carries superior cameras,
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and arrange for that AUV to make a closer inspection of the object.
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Marine archaeologists are excited about the huge potential of these AUVs for their discipline.
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One site where they're going to be deployed is the Gulf of Baratti off the Italian coast.
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In 1974, a 2,000-year-old Roman vessel was discovered here in 18 metres of water.
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When it sank, it was carrying medical goods in wooden or tin receptacles.
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Its cargo gives us insight into the treatments available all those years ago,
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including tablets that are thought to have been dissolved to form a cleansing liquid for the eyes.
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Other Roman ships went down nearby, taking their cargoes with them.
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Some held huge pots made of terracotta,
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some were used for transporting cargoes of olive oil, and others held wine.
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In many cases, it's only these containers that remain, while the wooden ships have been buried under silt on the seabed.
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Another project that's about to be done...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: Auv, seabed, ship, village, archaeology. Deze video bevat 69 zinnen en 872 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 8:46. De spreker praat langzaam, ongeveer 99 woorden per minuut, zodat je tijd hebt om elke klank na te doen. Slechts 77% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| seabed zelfstandig naamwoord | zeebodem | |
| archaeology zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | archeologie, oudheidkunde |
| underwater bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | onderwater, onderwater- |
| archaeologist zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | archeoloog, archeologe |
| metre zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | meter |
| autonomous bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɔˈtɑnəməs/ | autonoom |
| bury werkwoord | /ˈbɛɹi/ | begraven |
| bustle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbʌsəl/ | cul de Paris |
| centimetre zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/ | centimeter |
| ceremonial bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌsɛɹɪˈməʊnɪ.əl/ | ceremonieel |
| cleanse werkwoord | /klɛnz/ | reinigen, schoonmaken |
| dissolve werkwoord | /dɪˈzɑlv/ | ontbinden, oplossen |
| intrigue zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɪntɹiːɡ/ | intrige |
| prehistoric bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | prehistorisch |
| shipwreck zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈʃɪpɹɛk/ | scheepswrak, wrak |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| go down werkwoord | afdalen | |
| work out werkwoord | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | uitrekenen |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | being transformed · were built · have been destroyed |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | It's been described · has revealed · have been buried |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 5 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals they're, don't, I'll. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: shipwreck /ˈʃɪpɹɛk/, glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, autonomous /ɔˈtɑnəməs/, centimetre /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als seabed, archaeology, underwater.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.