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IELTS 14 Test 4 Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about a branch of archaeology called marine archaeology.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's class, I'm going to talk about marine archaeology,
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the branch of archaeology focusing on human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers.
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It's the study of ships, cargoes, shipping facilities and other physical remains.
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I'll give you an example,
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Then go on to show how this type of research is being transformed by the use of the latest technology.
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At Lityam was a village on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, which seems to have been thriving until around 7000 BC.
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The residents kept cattle, caught fish and stored grain.
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They had wells for fresh water.
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Many of their houses were built around a courtyard and were constructed of stone.
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The village contained an impressive monument,
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seven half-ton stones standing in a semi-circle around a spring that might have been used for ceremonial purposes.
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Atlet Yam may have been destroyed swiftly by a tsunami,
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or climate change may have caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, flooding the village gradually.
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Whatever the cause, it now lies ten metres below the surface of the Mediterranean, buried under sand at the bottom of the sea.
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It's been described as the largest and best-preserved prehistoric settlement ever found on the seabed.
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For marine archaeologists, Atlet Yam is a treasure trove.
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Research on the buildings, tools and the human remains has revealed how the bustling village once functioned,
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and even what diseases some of its residents suffered from.
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But of course, this is only one small village, one window into a lost world.
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For a fuller picture, researchers need more sunken settlements, but the hard part is finding them.
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Underwater research used to require divers to find shipwrecks or artefacts, but in the second half of the 20th century,
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various types of underwater vehicles were developed, some controlled from a ship on the surface, and some of them autonomous,
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which means they don't need to be operated by a person.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles, or AUVs, are used in the oil industry,
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for instance, to create maps of the seabed before rigs and pipelines are installed.
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To navigate, they use sensors such as compasses and sonar.
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Until relatively recently they were very expensive and so heavy
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that they had to be launched from a large vessel with a winch.
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But the latest AUVs are much easier to manoeuvre.
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They can be launched from the shore or a small ship.
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And they're much cheaper, which makes them more accessible to research teams.
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They are also very sophisticated.
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can communicate with each other and,
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for example, work out the most efficient way to survey a site or to find particular objects on the seabed.
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Field tests show the approach can work.
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For example, in a trial in 2015, three AUVs searched for wrecks at Martzimemi, off the coast of Sicily.
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The site is the final resting place of an ancient Roman ship
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which sank in the 6th century AD while ferrying prefabricated marble elements for the construction of an early church.
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The AUVs mapped the area in detail, finding other ships carrying columns of the same material.
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Creating an Internet in the sea for AUVs to communicate is no easy matter.
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Wi-Fi networks on land use electromagnetic waves, but in water these will only travel a few centimetres.
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Instead, a more complex mix of technologies is required.
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For short distances, AUVs can share data using light,
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while acoustic waves are used to communicate over long distances.
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But more creative solutions are also being developed,
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where an AUV working on the seabed offloads data to a second AUV,
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which then surfaces and beams the data home to the research team using a satellite.
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There's also a system that enables AUVs to share information from seabed scans and other data.
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So, if an AUV surveying the seabed finds an intriguing object, it can share the coordinates of the object,
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that is its position, with a nearby AUV that carries superior cameras,
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and arrange for that AUV to make a closer inspection of the object.
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Marine archaeologists are excited about the huge potential of these AUVs for their discipline.
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One site where they're going to be deployed is the Gulf of Baratti off the Italian coast.
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In 1974, a 2,000-year-old Roman vessel was discovered here in 18 metres of water.
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When it sank, it was carrying medical goods in wooden or tin receptacles.
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Its cargo gives us insight into the treatments available all those years ago,
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including tablets that are thought to have been dissolved to form a cleansing liquid for the eyes.
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Other Roman ships went down nearby, taking their cargoes with them.
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Some held huge pots made of terracotta,
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some were used for transporting cargoes of olive oil, and others held wine.
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In many cases, it's only these containers that remain, while the wooden ships have been buried under silt on the seabed.
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Another project that's about to be done...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Auv, seabed, ship, village, archaeology。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が69文、単語が872語あります。 音声の長さは8:46です。 話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約99語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は77%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| seabed 名詞 | 海底 | |
| archaeology 名詞 | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | 考古学 |
| underwater 形容詞 | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | 水中の |
| archaeologist 名詞 | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | 考古学者 |
| metre 名詞 | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | メートル, ㍍ |
| autonomous 形容詞 | /ɔˈtɑnəməs/ | 自治, 自主的な |
| bury 動詞 | /ˈbɛɹi/ | 埋める |
| bustle 名詞 | /ˈbʌsəl/ | バッスル |
| centimetre 名詞 | /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/ | センチメートル, センチ |
| cleanse 動詞 | /klɛnz/ | 浄化する, 清める |
| dissolve 動詞 | /dɪˈzɑlv/ | 解散する, 廃止する |
| intrigue 名詞 | /ˈɪntɹiːɡ/ | 陰謀 |
| prehistoric 形容詞 | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | 先史の, 先史時代の |
| receptacle 名詞 | /ɹɪˈsɛptəkəl/ | 入れ物 |
| terracotta 名詞 | /ˌtɛɹ.əˈkɑt.ə/ | テラコッタ |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| go down 動詞 | 降りる, 降下する |
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | being transformed · were built · have been destroyed |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | It's been described · has revealed · have been buried |
注意したい発音
話し手はthey're, don't, I'llなど、短縮形や弱形を5回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: shipwreck /ˈʃɪpɹɛk/, glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, autonomous /ɔˈtɑnəməs/, centimetre /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。seabed, archaeology, underwaterなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。