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IELTS 14 Test 4 Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about a branch of archaeology called marine archaeology.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's class, I'm going to talk about marine archaeology,
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the branch of archaeology focusing on human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers.
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It's the study of ships, cargoes, shipping facilities and other physical remains.
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I'll give you an example,
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Then go on to show how this type of research is being transformed by the use of the latest technology.
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At Lityam was a village on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, which seems to have been thriving until around 7000 BC.
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The residents kept cattle, caught fish and stored grain.
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They had wells for fresh water.
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Many of their houses were built around a courtyard and were constructed of stone.
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The village contained an impressive monument,
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seven half-ton stones standing in a semi-circle around a spring that might have been used for ceremonial purposes.
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Atlet Yam may have been destroyed swiftly by a tsunami,
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or climate change may have caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, flooding the village gradually.
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Whatever the cause, it now lies ten metres below the surface of the Mediterranean, buried under sand at the bottom of the sea.
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It's been described as the largest and best-preserved prehistoric settlement ever found on the seabed.
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For marine archaeologists, Atlet Yam is a treasure trove.
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Research on the buildings, tools and the human remains has revealed how the bustling village once functioned,
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and even what diseases some of its residents suffered from.
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But of course, this is only one small village, one window into a lost world.
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For a fuller picture, researchers need more sunken settlements, but the hard part is finding them.
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Underwater research used to require divers to find shipwrecks or artefacts, but in the second half of the 20th century,
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various types of underwater vehicles were developed, some controlled from a ship on the surface, and some of them autonomous,
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which means they don't need to be operated by a person.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles, or AUVs, are used in the oil industry,
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for instance, to create maps of the seabed before rigs and pipelines are installed.
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To navigate, they use sensors such as compasses and sonar.
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Until relatively recently they were very expensive and so heavy
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that they had to be launched from a large vessel with a winch.
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But the latest AUVs are much easier to manoeuvre.
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They can be launched from the shore or a small ship.
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And they're much cheaper, which makes them more accessible to research teams.
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They are also very sophisticated.
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can communicate with each other and,
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for example, work out the most efficient way to survey a site or to find particular objects on the seabed.
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Field tests show the approach can work.
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For example, in a trial in 2015, three AUVs searched for wrecks at Martzimemi, off the coast of Sicily.
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The site is the final resting place of an ancient Roman ship
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which sank in the 6th century AD while ferrying prefabricated marble elements for the construction of an early church.
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The AUVs mapped the area in detail, finding other ships carrying columns of the same material.
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Creating an Internet in the sea for AUVs to communicate is no easy matter.
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Wi-Fi networks on land use electromagnetic waves, but in water these will only travel a few centimetres.
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Instead, a more complex mix of technologies is required.
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For short distances, AUVs can share data using light,
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while acoustic waves are used to communicate over long distances.
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But more creative solutions are also being developed,
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where an AUV working on the seabed offloads data to a second AUV,
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which then surfaces and beams the data home to the research team using a satellite.
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There's also a system that enables AUVs to share information from seabed scans and other data.
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So, if an AUV surveying the seabed finds an intriguing object, it can share the coordinates of the object,
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that is its position, with a nearby AUV that carries superior cameras,
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and arrange for that AUV to make a closer inspection of the object.
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Marine archaeologists are excited about the huge potential of these AUVs for their discipline.
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One site where they're going to be deployed is the Gulf of Baratti off the Italian coast.
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In 1974, a 2,000-year-old Roman vessel was discovered here in 18 metres of water.
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When it sank, it was carrying medical goods in wooden or tin receptacles.
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Its cargo gives us insight into the treatments available all those years ago,
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including tablets that are thought to have been dissolved to form a cleansing liquid for the eyes.
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Other Roman ships went down nearby, taking their cargoes with them.
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Some held huge pots made of terracotta,
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some were used for transporting cargoes of olive oil, and others held wine.
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In many cases, it's only these containers that remain, while the wooden ships have been buried under silt on the seabed.
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Another project that's about to be done...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Чаще всего повторяются слова: Auv, seabed, ship, village, archaeology. В этом видео 69 предложений и 872 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 8:46. Говорящий говорит медленно, около 99 слов в минуту, поэтому есть время повторить каждый звук. Только 77% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| seabed существительное | морское дно | |
| archaeology существительное | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | археоло́гия |
| underwater прилагательное | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | подво́дный |
| archaeologist существительное | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | архео́лог |
| metre существительное | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | метр |
| autonomous прилагательное | /ɔˈtɑnəməs/ | автоно́мный |
| bury глагол | /ˈbɛɹi/ | зарыва́ть, зары́ть |
| bustle существительное | /ˈbʌsəl/ | переполо́х, суета́ |
| centimetre существительное | /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/ | сантиме́тр |
| ceremonial прилагательное | /ˌsɛɹɪˈməʊnɪ.əl/ | церемониальный |
| cleanse глагол | /klɛnz/ | очищать |
| dissolve глагол | /dɪˈzɑlv/ | распуска́ть, распусти́ть |
| intrigue существительное | /ˈɪntɹiːɡ/ | интри́га |
| offload глагол | /ˌɑfˈloʊd/ | разгружа́ть, разгрузи́ть |
| prehistoric прилагательное | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | доистори́ческий |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| go down глагол | спуска́ться, спусти́ться | |
| work out глагол | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | рассчи́тывать, рассчита́ть |
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | being transformed · were built · have been destroyed |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | It's been described · has revealed · have been buried |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 5 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, don't, I'll. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shipwreck /ˈʃɪpɹɛk/, glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, autonomous /ɔˈtɑnəməs/, centimetre /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как seabed, archaeology, underwater.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.