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IELTS 14 Test 4 Section 4 You will hear part of a lecture about a branch of archaeology called marine archaeology.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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In today's class, I'm going to talk about marine archaeology,
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the branch of archaeology focusing on human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers.
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It's the study of ships, cargoes, shipping facilities and other physical remains.
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I'll give you an example,
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Then go on to show how this type of research is being transformed by the use of the latest technology.
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At Lityam was a village on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean, which seems to have been thriving until around 7000 BC.
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The residents kept cattle, caught fish and stored grain.
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They had wells for fresh water.
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Many of their houses were built around a courtyard and were constructed of stone.
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The village contained an impressive monument,
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seven half-ton stones standing in a semi-circle around a spring that might have been used for ceremonial purposes.
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Atlet Yam may have been destroyed swiftly by a tsunami,
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or climate change may have caused glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, flooding the village gradually.
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Whatever the cause, it now lies ten metres below the surface of the Mediterranean, buried under sand at the bottom of the sea.
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It's been described as the largest and best-preserved prehistoric settlement ever found on the seabed.
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For marine archaeologists, Atlet Yam is a treasure trove.
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Research on the buildings, tools and the human remains has revealed how the bustling village once functioned,
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and even what diseases some of its residents suffered from.
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But of course, this is only one small village, one window into a lost world.
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For a fuller picture, researchers need more sunken settlements, but the hard part is finding them.
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Underwater research used to require divers to find shipwrecks or artefacts, but in the second half of the 20th century,
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various types of underwater vehicles were developed, some controlled from a ship on the surface, and some of them autonomous,
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which means they don't need to be operated by a person.
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Autonomous underwater vehicles, or AUVs, are used in the oil industry,
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for instance, to create maps of the seabed before rigs and pipelines are installed.
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To navigate, they use sensors such as compasses and sonar.
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Until relatively recently they were very expensive and so heavy
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that they had to be launched from a large vessel with a winch.
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But the latest AUVs are much easier to manoeuvre.
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They can be launched from the shore or a small ship.
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And they're much cheaper, which makes them more accessible to research teams.
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They are also very sophisticated.
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can communicate with each other and,
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for example, work out the most efficient way to survey a site or to find particular objects on the seabed.
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Field tests show the approach can work.
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For example, in a trial in 2015, three AUVs searched for wrecks at Martzimemi, off the coast of Sicily.
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The site is the final resting place of an ancient Roman ship
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which sank in the 6th century AD while ferrying prefabricated marble elements for the construction of an early church.
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The AUVs mapped the area in detail, finding other ships carrying columns of the same material.
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Creating an Internet in the sea for AUVs to communicate is no easy matter.
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Wi-Fi networks on land use electromagnetic waves, but in water these will only travel a few centimetres.
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Instead, a more complex mix of technologies is required.
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For short distances, AUVs can share data using light,
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while acoustic waves are used to communicate over long distances.
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But more creative solutions are also being developed,
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where an AUV working on the seabed offloads data to a second AUV,
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which then surfaces and beams the data home to the research team using a satellite.
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There's also a system that enables AUVs to share information from seabed scans and other data.
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So, if an AUV surveying the seabed finds an intriguing object, it can share the coordinates of the object,
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that is its position, with a nearby AUV that carries superior cameras,
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and arrange for that AUV to make a closer inspection of the object.
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Marine archaeologists are excited about the huge potential of these AUVs for their discipline.
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One site where they're going to be deployed is the Gulf of Baratti off the Italian coast.
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In 1974, a 2,000-year-old Roman vessel was discovered here in 18 metres of water.
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When it sank, it was carrying medical goods in wooden or tin receptacles.
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Its cargo gives us insight into the treatments available all those years ago,
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including tablets that are thought to have been dissolved to form a cleansing liquid for the eyes.
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Other Roman ships went down nearby, taking their cargoes with them.
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Some held huge pots made of terracotta,
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some were used for transporting cargoes of olive oil, and others held wine.
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In many cases, it's only these containers that remain, while the wooden ships have been buried under silt on the seabed.
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Another project that's about to be done...
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Le parole che ritornano più spesso: Auv, seabed, ship, village, archaeology. Questo video contiene 69 frasi e 872 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 8:46. Chi parla lo fa lentamente, circa 99 parole al minuto, quindi c’è tempo per imitare ogni suono. Solo il 77% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| seabed sostantivo | fondale marino | |
| archaeology sostantivo | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | archeologia |
| underwater aggettivo | /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/ | subacqueo, sottacqua |
| archaeologist sostantivo | /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/ | archeologo, archeologa |
| metre sostantivo | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | metro |
| autonomous aggettivo | /ɔˈtɑnəməs/ | autonomo, indipendente |
| bury verbo | /ˈbɛɹi/ | sotterrare |
| bustle sostantivo | /ˈbʌsəl/ | viavai, andirivieni |
| centimetre sostantivo | /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/ | centimetro |
| ceremonial aggettivo | /ˌsɛɹɪˈməʊnɪ.əl/ | cerimoniale |
| cleanse verbo | /klɛnz/ | ripulire, pulire |
| intrigue sostantivo | /ˈɪntɹiːɡ/ | intrigo |
| offload verbo | /ˌɑfˈloʊd/ | scaricare |
| prefabricated aggettivo | prefabbricato | |
| prehistoric aggettivo | /ˌpɹiː.hɪsˈtoɹ.ɪk/ | preistorico |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | being transformed · were built · have been destroyed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | It's been described · has revealed · have been buried |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 5 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come they're, don't, I'll. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: shipwreck /ˈʃɪpɹɛk/, glacier /ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: archaeology /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, underwater /ʌndɚˈwɔtəɹ/, archaeologist /ˌɑɹ.kiˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒɪst/, autonomous /ɔˈtɑnəməs/, centimetre /ˈsɛn.tɪ.miː.tə/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come seabed, archaeology, underwater.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.