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IELTS 14 Test 1 Section 4
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You will hear part of a lecture on renewable energy that uses the power of the sea.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Producing enough energy to meet our needs has become a serious problem.
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Demand is rising rapidly because of the world's increasing population and expanding industry.
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Burning fossil fuels, like gas, coal and oil, seriously damages the environment, and they'll eventually run out.
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For a number of years now, scientists have been working out how we can derive energy from renewable sources,
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such as the sun and wind, without causing pollution.
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Today I'll outline marine renewable energy, also called ocean energy, which harnesses the movement of the oceans.
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Marine renewable energy can be divided into three main categories – wave energy,
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tidal energy and ocean thermal energy conversion.
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And I'll say a few words about each one.
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First, wave energy.
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Numerous devices have been invented to harvest wave energy with names such as wave dragon,
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the penguin, and mighty whale.
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And research is going on to try and come up with a really efficient method.
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This form of energy has plenty of potential, as the source is constant, and there's no danger of waves coming to a standstill.
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Electricity can be generated using onshore systems, using a reservoir or offshore systems.
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But the problem with ocean waves is that they're erratic, with the wind making them travel in every direction.
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This adds to the difficulty of creating efficient technology.
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Ideally, all the waves would travel smoothly and regularly along the same straight line.
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Another drawback is that sand and other sediment on the ocean floor might be stopped from flowing normally,
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which can lead to environmental problems.
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The second category of marine energy that I'll mention is tidal energy.
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One major advantage of using the tide, rather than waves as a source of energy, is that it's predictable.
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We know the exact times of high and low tides for years to come.
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For tidal energy to be effective, the difference between high and low tides needs to be at least 5 metres,
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and this occurs naturally in only about 40 places on Earth.
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But the right conditions can be created by constructing a tidal lagoon,
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an area of seawater separated from the sea.
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One current plan is to create a tidal lagoon on the coast of Wales.
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This will be an area of water within a bay at Swansea, sheltered by a U-shaped breakwater, or dam, built out from the coast.
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The breakwater will contain 16 hydro turbines, and as the tide rises, water rushes through the breakwater,
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activating the turbines, which turn a generator to produce electricity.
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Then, for three hours as the tide goes out, the water is held back within the breakwater,
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increasing the difference in water level until it's several metres higher within the lagoon than in the open sea.
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Then, in order to release the stored water, gates in the breakwater are opened.
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It pours powerfully out of the lagoon,
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driving the turbines in the breakwater in the opposite direction and again generating thousands of megawatts of electricity.
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As there are two high tides a day, this lagoon scheme would generate electricity four times a day,
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every day, for a total of around 14 hours in every 24.
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And enough electricity for over 150,000 homes.
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This system has quite a lot in its favour.
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Unlike solar and wind energy, it doesn't depend on the weather.
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The turbines are operated without the need for fuel, so it doesn't create any greenhouse gas emissions, and very little maintenance is needed.
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It's estimated that electricity generated in this way will be relatively cheap,
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and that manufacturing the components would create more than 2,000 jobs, a big boost to the local economy.
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On the other hand, there are fears that lagoons might harm both fish and birds,
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for example by disturbing migration patterns and causing a build-up of silt, affecting local ecosystems.
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There are other forms of tidal energy, but I'll go on to the third category of marine energy, ocean thermal energy conversion.
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This depends on there being a big difference in temperature between surface water
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and the water a couple of kilometres below the surface, and this occurs in tropical coastal areas.
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The idea is to bring cold water up to the surface using a submerged pipe.
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The concept dates back to 1881.
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Le parole che ritornano più spesso: energy, wave, breakwater, lagoon, tidal. Questo video contiene 59 frasi e 755 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 7:59. Chi parla lo fa lentamente, circa 94 parole al minuto, quindi c’è tempo per imitare ogni suono. Solo il 79% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
Le 15 parole più avanzate del video, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| breakwater sostantivo | /ˈbɹeɪkˌwɔːtə/ | frangiflutti, frangimare |
| lagoon sostantivo | /ləˈɡuːn/ | laguna |
| tidal aggettivo | /ˈtaɪ.d(ə)l/ | di marea, mareale |
| turbine sostantivo | /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ | turbina, rotore |
| renewable aggettivo | /ɹɪˈnu.ə.bl̩/ | rinnovabile |
| metre sostantivo | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | metro |
| thermal aggettivo | /ˈθɜːməl/ | termico |
| depend verbo | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | dipendere |
| drawback sostantivo | /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/ | svantaggio |
| kilometre sostantivo | /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/ | chilometro |
| megawatt aggettivo | megawatt | |
| powerfully avverbio | /ˈpaʊɚf(ə)li/ | poderosamente, potentemente |
| sediment sostantivo | /ˈsɛd.ɪ.mənt/ | deposito, sedimento |
| standstill sostantivo | /ˈstændˌstɪl/ | fermata, blocco |
| submerge verbo | /səbˈmɝd͡ʒ/ | sommergere |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Significato |
|---|---|
| come up with verbo | ideare, escogitare |
| go out verbo | uscire, andare fuori |
| hold back verbo | fare complimenti |
| run out verbo | essere a corto |
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | can be divided · have been invented · can be generated |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has become · have been invented |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 8 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come I'll, doesn't, they'll. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: onshore /ˈɒnʃɔː/, emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, offshore /ɒfˈʃɔː(ɹ)/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, predictable /pɹəˈdɪktəbləl/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/, greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, harvest /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: tide /taɪd/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, drawback /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/, erratic /ɪˈɹætɪk/, hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: drawback /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/, erratic /ɪˈɹætɪk/, standstill /ˈstændˌstɪl/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come breakwater, lagoon, tidal.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.