Pratique du Shadowing: C14 | Test 1 | Section 4 | 31-40 | Completion Notes | IELTS Listening Test | Learn English with Hang - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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IELTS 14 Test 1 Section 4
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You will hear part of a lecture on renewable energy that uses the power of the sea.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Producing enough energy to meet our needs has become a serious problem.
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Demand is rising rapidly because of the world's increasing population and expanding industry.
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Burning fossil fuels, like gas, coal and oil, seriously damages the environment, and they'll eventually run out.
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For a number of years now, scientists have been working out how we can derive energy from renewable sources,
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such as the sun and wind, without causing pollution.
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Today I'll outline marine renewable energy, also called ocean energy, which harnesses the movement of the oceans.
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Marine renewable energy can be divided into three main categories – wave energy,
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tidal energy and ocean thermal energy conversion.
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And I'll say a few words about each one.
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First, wave energy.
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Numerous devices have been invented to harvest wave energy with names such as wave dragon,
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the penguin, and mighty whale.
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And research is going on to try and come up with a really efficient method.
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This form of energy has plenty of potential, as the source is constant, and there's no danger of waves coming to a standstill.
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Electricity can be generated using onshore systems, using a reservoir or offshore systems.
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But the problem with ocean waves is that they're erratic, with the wind making them travel in every direction.
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This adds to the difficulty of creating efficient technology.
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Ideally, all the waves would travel smoothly and regularly along the same straight line.
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Another drawback is that sand and other sediment on the ocean floor might be stopped from flowing normally,
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which can lead to environmental problems.
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The second category of marine energy that I'll mention is tidal energy.
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One major advantage of using the tide, rather than waves as a source of energy, is that it's predictable.
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We know the exact times of high and low tides for years to come.
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For tidal energy to be effective, the difference between high and low tides needs to be at least 5 metres,
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and this occurs naturally in only about 40 places on Earth.
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But the right conditions can be created by constructing a tidal lagoon,
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an area of seawater separated from the sea.
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One current plan is to create a tidal lagoon on the coast of Wales.
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This will be an area of water within a bay at Swansea, sheltered by a U-shaped breakwater, or dam, built out from the coast.
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The breakwater will contain 16 hydro turbines, and as the tide rises, water rushes through the breakwater,
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activating the turbines, which turn a generator to produce electricity.
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Then, for three hours as the tide goes out, the water is held back within the breakwater,
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increasing the difference in water level until it's several metres higher within the lagoon than in the open sea.
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Then, in order to release the stored water, gates in the breakwater are opened.
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It pours powerfully out of the lagoon,
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driving the turbines in the breakwater in the opposite direction and again generating thousands of megawatts of electricity.
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As there are two high tides a day, this lagoon scheme would generate electricity four times a day,
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every day, for a total of around 14 hours in every 24.
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And enough electricity for over 150,000 homes.
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This system has quite a lot in its favour.
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Unlike solar and wind energy, it doesn't depend on the weather.
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The turbines are operated without the need for fuel, so it doesn't create any greenhouse gas emissions, and very little maintenance is needed.
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It's estimated that electricity generated in this way will be relatively cheap,
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and that manufacturing the components would create more than 2,000 jobs, a big boost to the local economy.
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On the other hand, there are fears that lagoons might harm both fish and birds,
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for example by disturbing migration patterns and causing a build-up of silt, affecting local ecosystems.
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There are other forms of tidal energy, but I'll go on to the third category of marine energy, ocean thermal energy conversion.
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This depends on there being a big difference in temperature between surface water
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and the water a couple of kilometres below the surface, and this occurs in tropical coastal areas.
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The idea is to bring cold water up to the surface using a submerged pipe.
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The concept dates back to 1881.
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That is the end of Section 4.
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You now have half a minute to check your answers.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : energy, wave, breakwater, lagoon, tidal. Cette vidéo contient 59 phrases et 755 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 7:59. Le locuteur parle lentement, environ 94 mots par minute, ce qui laisse le temps d’imiter chaque son. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| breakwater nom | /ˈbɹeɪkˌwɔːtə/ | jetée, brise-lames |
| lagoon nom | /ləˈɡuːn/ | lagon, lagune |
| tidal adjectif | /ˈtaɪ.d(ə)l/ | de marée, tidal |
| turbine nom | /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ | turbine |
| renewable adjectif | /ɹɪˈnu.ə.bl̩/ | renouvelable |
| metre nom | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | mètre |
| thermal adjectif | /ˈθɜːməl/ | thermique |
| depend verbe | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | dépendre |
| drawback nom | /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/ | inconvénient, désavantage |
| erratic adjectif | /ɪˈɹætɪk/ | erratique |
| hydroelectric adjectif | /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/ | hydro-électrique |
| kilometre nom | /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/ | kilomètre |
| megawatt adjectif | mégawatt | |
| onshore verbe | /ˈɒnʃɔː/ | relocaliser |
| powerfully adverbe | /ˈpaʊɚf(ə)li/ | puissamment, fortement |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| come up with verbe | inventer, imaginer | |
| go out verbe | sortir | |
| run out verbe | épuiser, être à court | |
| work out verbe | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calculer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | can be divided · have been invented · can be generated |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | has become · have been invented |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 8 contractions et formes réduites, comme I'll, doesn't, they'll. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, smoothly /ˈsmuːðli/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: onshore /ˈɒnʃɔː/, emission /ɪˈmɪʃ.ən/, offshore /ɒfˈʃɔː(ɹ)/, migration /maɪˈɡɹeɪʃ(ə)n/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/, kilometre /kɪˈlɑmɪtəɹ/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, predictable /pɹəˈdɪktəbləl/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hydroelectric /ˌhʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk/, harness /ˈhɑɹ.nəs/, greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, harvest /ˈhɑɹ.vəst/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: submerge /səbˈmɝd͡ʒ/, generator /ˈdʒɛnəɹeɪtə(ɹ)/, lecture /ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: breakwater /ˈbɹeɪkˌwɔːtə/, renewable /ɹɪˈnu.ə.bl̩/, metre /ˈmiːtəɹ/, drawback /ˈdɹɔˌbæk/, erratic /ɪˈɹætɪk/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme breakwater, lagoon, tidal.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.