Shadowing Practice: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint - Learn English Speaking with Video
Les maken...
1
Hello everyone.
2
Today we're going to study an interesting topic in psychology.
3
Phobias.
4
We'll first learn about types of phobias and then the causes of phobias and the treatment of phobias.
5
But first, Let's get the definition clear.
6
A phobia is a fear.
7
Yes, but a phobia isn't a normal fear It's an extreme fear.
8
It's basically a very strong, very focused fear.
9
There are two main kinds of phobias.
10
One is a specific phobia, like the fear of a dog, and the second type is a situational phobia, like the fear of public speaking.
11
An important thing to remember: we all have some fears.
12
That's natural.
13
But a phobia is much stronger.
14
Okay.
15
Sometimes it can be so constant or it can be so serious that it interferes with a person's life.
16
then some kind of treatment may be necessary.
17
For example, One of my clients, I'll call her Maria, She used to have a phobia of elevators, So a situational phobia.
18
She couldn't ride in an elevator without being terrified.
19
Sometimes she would panic and start breathing fast as soon as she got into an elevator.
20
- Yes.
21
After a while, she refused to ride in any elevators at all.
22
Even if she had to walk up 20 flights of stairs, she would do just that.
23
in order to avoid being in an elevator.
24
Her life was changed by the phobia Alright, so we have a basic definition of a phobia an extreme fear,
25
and one that interferes with the person's life.
26
Okay, now let's go a little deeper into our definition of phobia here.
27
Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia.
28
These characteristics help us to understand the difference between a phobia, and a normal fear.
29
First, a phobia isn't a rational response.
30
It's a very strong reaction too strong for the situation.
31
For my patient Maria, who was afraid of elevators,
32
this meant that she had a very strong physical reaction if someone even asked her to get onto an elevator.
33
She'd start sweating and shaking.
34
Not a rational response.
35
The second characteristic is this: The duration is long.
36
A phobia often lasts for a long time.
37
It may last several years or even a person's whole life.
38
And third, the reaction is too strong for the person to control.
39
For example, for Maria, even though when she told herself not to be afraid to ride in the elevator, It didn't help.
40
She still felt very scared no matter what she did.
41
Her fear was uncontrollable.
42
Okay, so those are the three characteristics of a phobia.
43
it's, an irrational response, it's long -lasting, and it's uncontrollable.
44
Now, let's spend a minute going over some types of common phobias.
45
It's important to understand that phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears.
46
Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear.
47
So here are some examples.
48
Hypno.
49
H -Y -P -N -O means sleep.
50
So fear of sleep is Hypnophobia.
51
Sino means dog, so a fear of dogs is Sinophobia.
52
Maria's phobia is known as claustrophobia, a fear of being in closed places.
53
That's C -L -A -U, S -T -R -O.
54
A very common phobia, I might add.
55
Now to the causes of phobias.
56
One theory is that a phobia is learned.
57
This means that something happens that causes somebody to feel afraid.
58
For example, someone could have learned to be afraid of dogs
59
if he were attacked and injured by a dog as a child.
60
This is an example of direct learning.
61
People can also learn to have phobias indirectly by watching how other people react.
62
For example, let's imagine a young man.
63
We'll call him David.
64
David's mother had always been afraid of dogs.
65
Whenever David and his mother were together and they saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, even panicked.
66
When David saw how his mother reacted, he became very scared too.
67
He developed the same phobia, Sinophobia from watching his mother.
68
In fact, psychologists find that phobias tend to run in families, that is, they tend to be learned in the same way among family members.
69
The second theory about how phobias develop is the association theory.
70
The theory says that a phobia is usually the result of a trauma or difficult experience that occurred in childhood.
71
In other words, an adult associates a particular object or situation with a past trauma.
72
For example, one of my patients was very afraid of the dark.
73
After some therapy sessions, we discovered that his father used to put him in a closet as punishment when he was young.
74
Now this man associates being in the dark with his terrible childhood experience.
75
So, those are the two theories.
76
One, that a phobia can be learned.
77
and two, that a phobia is caused by an association with an unpleasant memory or event from our past.
78
Well, there's hope here.
79
We have treatments for phobias.
80
And what do you think these treatments are?
81
Well, first, psychologists know that if a phobia has been learned, it can usually be unlearned.
82
In other words, a person can learn how to change a certain behavior.
83
This unlearning is usually done step by step so that a person will gradually lose their deep fear.
84
And second, if a phobia is a sign of a deeper psychological problem, then the psychologist can help the patient to become aware of this deeper problem.
85
That awareness can lead to getting rid of the phobia for good.
86
- Thank you.
87
Well, that's enough for now.
88
Are there any questions?
89
Any questions at all?
📺 Zelfde Kanaal
C15
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 8 Lecture with Powerpoint
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 1 Lecture with Powerpoint
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 6 Lecture with Powerpoint
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
C14
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 5 Lecture with Powerpoint
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C115
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 2 Lecture with Powerpoint
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
✨ Aanbevolen Video
C15
50 zinnen
Phobia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C19
120 zinnen
Intro to Psychology: Crash Course Psychology #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
112 zinnen
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 9 PUBLIC HEALTH Global epidemic
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepBusiness English
C18
45 zinnen
Photic sneezing: IELTS LISTENING Vol 4 Test 4 Section 4 (IELTS Listening Recent Actual Test)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
582 zinnen
Fear of Forgetting
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
65 zinnen
Vol 3 - test 4 - section 4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
133 zinnen
TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | Arachnophobia
TOEFL PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
36 zinnen
An introduction to a lecture
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
91 zinnen
The Powers of Horror Exploring Julia Kristeva’s Theory of Abjection
University StudentsWorking Adults
B2130 zinnen
Quando o Pânico Chega... Você Não Consegue Pensar | Como o Tapping EFT Pode Ajudar na Hora da Crise
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: phobia, fear, elevator, dog, example. Deze video bevat 89 zinnen en 937 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 6:43. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 139 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. Slechts 80% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 13 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| phobia zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | fobie |
| psychologist zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/ | psycholoog, psychologe |
| characteristic zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ | trekje, karakteristiek |
| scare werkwoord | /skɛɚ/ | bang maken, beangstigen |
| uncontrollable bijvoeglijk naamwoord | onbeheersbaar | |
| unlearn werkwoord | /ʌnˈlɝn/ | afleren, verleren |
| rational bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ | rationeel, redelijk |
| classify werkwoord | /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/ | rangschikken, classificeren |
| claustrophobia zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | claustrofobie, engtevrees |
| hypnosis zelfstandig naamwoord | /hɪpˈnəʊ.sɪs/ | hypnose |
| injure werkwoord | /ˈɪn.d͡ʒɚ/ | kwetsen, blesseren |
| irrational bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/ | irrationeel, irrationele |
| indirectly bijwoord | /ˌɪn.dɪˈɹɛk(t).li/ | onrechtstreeks |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| come up with werkwoord | bedenken, verzinnen |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + werkwoord — een vroegere gewoonte of toestand die niet meer klopt | used to have · used to describe · used to put |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | being terrified · was changed · are classified |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | have come · has been learned |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 9 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals isn't, we'll, couldn't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, claustrophobia /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, classify /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als phobia, psychologist, characteristic.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.