Практика Shadowing: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Hello everyone.
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Today we're going to study an interesting topic in psychology.
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Phobias.
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We'll first learn about types of phobias and then the causes of phobias and the treatment of phobias.
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But first, Let's get the definition clear.
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A phobia is a fear.
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Yes, but a phobia isn't a normal fear It's an extreme fear.
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It's basically a very strong, very focused fear.
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There are two main kinds of phobias.
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One is a specific phobia, like the fear of a dog, and the second type is a situational phobia, like the fear of public speaking.
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An important thing to remember: we all have some fears.
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That's natural.
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But a phobia is much stronger.
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Okay.
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Sometimes it can be so constant or it can be so serious that it interferes with a person's life.
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then some kind of treatment may be necessary.
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For example, One of my clients, I'll call her Maria, She used to have a phobia of elevators, So a situational phobia.
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She couldn't ride in an elevator without being terrified.
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Sometimes she would panic and start breathing fast as soon as she got into an elevator.
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- Yes.
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After a while, she refused to ride in any elevators at all.
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Even if she had to walk up 20 flights of stairs, she would do just that.
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in order to avoid being in an elevator.
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Her life was changed by the phobia Alright, so we have a basic definition of a phobia an extreme fear,
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and one that interferes with the person's life.
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Okay, now let's go a little deeper into our definition of phobia here.
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Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia.
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These characteristics help us to understand the difference between a phobia, and a normal fear.
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First, a phobia isn't a rational response.
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It's a very strong reaction too strong for the situation.
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For my patient Maria, who was afraid of elevators,
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this meant that she had a very strong physical reaction if someone even asked her to get onto an elevator.
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She'd start sweating and shaking.
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Not a rational response.
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The second characteristic is this: The duration is long.
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A phobia often lasts for a long time.
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It may last several years or even a person's whole life.
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And third, the reaction is too strong for the person to control.
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For example, for Maria, even though when she told herself not to be afraid to ride in the elevator, It didn't help.
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She still felt very scared no matter what she did.
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Her fear was uncontrollable.
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Okay, so those are the three characteristics of a phobia.
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it's, an irrational response, it's long -lasting, and it's uncontrollable.
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Now, let's spend a minute going over some types of common phobias.
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It's important to understand that phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears.
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Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear.
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So here are some examples.
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Hypno.
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H -Y -P -N -O means sleep.
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So fear of sleep is Hypnophobia.
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Sino means dog, so a fear of dogs is Sinophobia.
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Maria's phobia is known as claustrophobia, a fear of being in closed places.
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That's C -L -A -U, S -T -R -O.
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A very common phobia, I might add.
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Now to the causes of phobias.
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One theory is that a phobia is learned.
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This means that something happens that causes somebody to feel afraid.
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For example, someone could have learned to be afraid of dogs
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if he were attacked and injured by a dog as a child.
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This is an example of direct learning.
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People can also learn to have phobias indirectly by watching how other people react.
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For example, let's imagine a young man.
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We'll call him David.
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David's mother had always been afraid of dogs.
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Whenever David and his mother were together and they saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, even panicked.
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When David saw how his mother reacted, he became very scared too.
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He developed the same phobia, Sinophobia from watching his mother.
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In fact, psychologists find that phobias tend to run in families, that is, they tend to be learned in the same way among family members.
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The second theory about how phobias develop is the association theory.
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The theory says that a phobia is usually the result of a trauma or difficult experience that occurred in childhood.
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In other words, an adult associates a particular object or situation with a past trauma.
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For example, one of my patients was very afraid of the dark.
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After some therapy sessions, we discovered that his father used to put him in a closet as punishment when he was young.
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Now this man associates being in the dark with his terrible childhood experience.
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So, those are the two theories.
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One, that a phobia can be learned.
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and two, that a phobia is caused by an association with an unpleasant memory or event from our past.
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Well, there's hope here.
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We have treatments for phobias.
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And what do you think these treatments are?
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Well, first, psychologists know that if a phobia has been learned, it can usually be unlearned.
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In other words, a person can learn how to change a certain behavior.
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This unlearning is usually done step by step so that a person will gradually lose their deep fear.
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And second, if a phobia is a sign of a deeper psychological problem, then the psychologist can help the patient to become aware of this deeper problem.
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That awareness can lead to getting rid of the phobia for good.
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- Thank you.
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Well, that's enough for now.
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Are there any questions?
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Any questions at all?
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Контекст и фон
В данном видео лектора обсуждаются фобии, их типы, причины и методы лечения. Лектор на доступном языке объясняет, что фобия - это не просто страх, а крайняя форма страха, которая может заметно усложнить жизнь человека. В качестве примера приводится история Марии, у которой была фобия лифтов. Прослушивание такого рода материалов помогает студентам не только понимать содержание, но и развивать навыки разговорного английского. Учить английский с YouTube, как показано в данном видео, может стать отличным способом расширить словарный запас и улучшить восприятие на слух.
Топ 5 фраз для повседневного общения
- «I have a fear of...» – «У меня страх перед...»
- «It interferes with my life» – «Это мешает моей жизни»
- «I panic when...» – «Я впадаю в панику, когда...»
- «I can’t control my fear» – «Я не могу контролировать свой страх»
- «A rational response» – «Рациональная реакция»
Пошаговое руководство для шадовинга
Чтобы успешно практиковать разговорный английский с помощью этого видео, следуйте данному пошаговому руководству:
- Слушайте первую часть лекции: Постарайтесь уловить основные идеи без субтитров. Обратите внимание на интонацию лектора.
- Затем активируйте субтитры: Читайте текст параллельно с прослушиванием, чтобы связать звуки с написанным словом. Это важный элемент метода shadowspeak.
- Повторяйте ключевые фразы: Используйте шадовинг, чтобы на слух повторить фразы лекции. Это поможет вам улучшить произношение и уверенность при разговоре.
- Создайте свои примеры: Используя фразы из лекции, попробуйте составить собственные предложения. Это упражнение поможет закрепить материал и сделать его более личным.
- Запишите свою речь: Попробуйте записать ваши попытки произнесения ключевых фраз и проанализируйте их. Это позволит вам отслеживать прогресс и выявлять области, требующие улучшения.
Следуя этим шагам, вы сможете эффективно практиковать разговорный английский, преодолевая трудности и развивая языковые навыки с помощью метода shadowspeaks.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| «Used to» used to + глагол — прошлая привычка или состояние, которых больше нет | used to have · used to describe · used to put |
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | being terrified · was changed · are classified |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have come · has been learned |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.