シャドーイング練習: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Hello everyone.
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Today we're going to study an interesting topic in psychology.
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Phobias.
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We'll first learn about types of phobias and then the causes of phobias and the treatment of phobias.
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But first, Let's get the definition clear.
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A phobia is a fear.
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Yes, but a phobia isn't a normal fear It's an extreme fear.
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It's basically a very strong, very focused fear.
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There are two main kinds of phobias.
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One is a specific phobia, like the fear of a dog, and the second type is a situational phobia, like the fear of public speaking.
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An important thing to remember: we all have some fears.
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That's natural.
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But a phobia is much stronger.
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Okay.
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Sometimes it can be so constant or it can be so serious that it interferes with a person's life.
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then some kind of treatment may be necessary.
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For example, One of my clients, I'll call her Maria, She used to have a phobia of elevators, So a situational phobia.
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She couldn't ride in an elevator without being terrified.
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Sometimes she would panic and start breathing fast as soon as she got into an elevator.
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- Yes.
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After a while, she refused to ride in any elevators at all.
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Even if she had to walk up 20 flights of stairs, she would do just that.
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in order to avoid being in an elevator.
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Her life was changed by the phobia Alright, so we have a basic definition of a phobia an extreme fear,
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and one that interferes with the person's life.
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Okay, now let's go a little deeper into our definition of phobia here.
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Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia.
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These characteristics help us to understand the difference between a phobia, and a normal fear.
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First, a phobia isn't a rational response.
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It's a very strong reaction too strong for the situation.
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For my patient Maria, who was afraid of elevators,
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this meant that she had a very strong physical reaction if someone even asked her to get onto an elevator.
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She'd start sweating and shaking.
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Not a rational response.
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The second characteristic is this: The duration is long.
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A phobia often lasts for a long time.
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It may last several years or even a person's whole life.
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And third, the reaction is too strong for the person to control.
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For example, for Maria, even though when she told herself not to be afraid to ride in the elevator, It didn't help.
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She still felt very scared no matter what she did.
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Her fear was uncontrollable.
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Okay, so those are the three characteristics of a phobia.
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it's, an irrational response, it's long -lasting, and it's uncontrollable.
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Now, let's spend a minute going over some types of common phobias.
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It's important to understand that phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears.
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Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear.
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So here are some examples.
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Hypno.
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H -Y -P -N -O means sleep.
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So fear of sleep is Hypnophobia.
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Sino means dog, so a fear of dogs is Sinophobia.
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Maria's phobia is known as claustrophobia, a fear of being in closed places.
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That's C -L -A -U, S -T -R -O.
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A very common phobia, I might add.
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Now to the causes of phobias.
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One theory is that a phobia is learned.
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This means that something happens that causes somebody to feel afraid.
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For example, someone could have learned to be afraid of dogs
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if he were attacked and injured by a dog as a child.
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This is an example of direct learning.
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People can also learn to have phobias indirectly by watching how other people react.
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For example, let's imagine a young man.
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We'll call him David.
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David's mother had always been afraid of dogs.
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Whenever David and his mother were together and they saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, even panicked.
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When David saw how his mother reacted, he became very scared too.
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He developed the same phobia, Sinophobia from watching his mother.
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In fact, psychologists find that phobias tend to run in families, that is, they tend to be learned in the same way among family members.
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The second theory about how phobias develop is the association theory.
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The theory says that a phobia is usually the result of a trauma or difficult experience that occurred in childhood.
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In other words, an adult associates a particular object or situation with a past trauma.
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For example, one of my patients was very afraid of the dark.
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After some therapy sessions, we discovered that his father used to put him in a closet as punishment when he was young.
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Now this man associates being in the dark with his terrible childhood experience.
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So, those are the two theories.
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One, that a phobia can be learned.
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and two, that a phobia is caused by an association with an unpleasant memory or event from our past.
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Well, there's hope here.
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We have treatments for phobias.
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And what do you think these treatments are?
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Well, first, psychologists know that if a phobia has been learned, it can usually be unlearned.
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In other words, a person can learn how to change a certain behavior.
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This unlearning is usually done step by step so that a person will gradually lose their deep fear.
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And second, if a phobia is a sign of a deeper psychological problem, then the psychologist can help the patient to become aware of this deeper problem.
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That awareness can lead to getting rid of the phobia for good.
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- Thank you.
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Well, that's enough for now.
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Are there any questions?
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Any questions at all?
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文脈と背景
このビデオでは、心理学における面白いトピック、特に「恐怖症」について学びます。話者は、恐怖症の定義、種類、原因、そして治療法について詳しく説明しています。恐怖症はただの恐怖ではなく、極端な恐怖であり、時には日常生活に支障をきたすことがあります。このセッションは、自分の感情や反応をよりよく理解するために有益です。
日常会話に役立つフレーズトップ5
- 「恐怖症とは極端な恐怖です。」 - 恐怖感を他の人に理解してもらうときに使えるフレーズです。
- 「それによって人生が大きく変わることがあります。」 - 恐怖症の影響を説明する際に役立ちます。
- 「恐怖の反応が理性的ではありません。」 - 自分の反応を分析する際に使える表現です。
- 「恐怖症は長期にわたって持続することがあります。」 - 恐怖症の持続性について話すときに適しています。
- 「コントロールできない恐怖です。」 - 自分や他人の感情や状況を表現するのに最適です。
段階的シャドーイングガイド
このビデオを使った英語シャドーイング練習は、恐怖症というテーマを通じて有効な方法となります。以下のステップに従って、効果的な練習を行いましょう。
- リスニング: 最初にビデオを視聴し、全体の流れを把握します。
- 重要フレーズの特定: 上記で挙げた日常会話に役立つフレーズを繰り返し聞き、耳に馴染ませます。
- シャドースピーキング: フレーズを聞きながら、同時に声に出して繰り返します。最初はスローペースで始め、徐々に速くしていきましょう。
- 反復練習: 繰り返すことで、発音やイントネーションを改善します。「YouTubeで英語学習」を活用して、同じフレーズを様々な状況で使ってみることも効果的です。
- 自己評価: スピーキングの録音を行い、自分の発音やリズムを確認します。他の英語学習者ともフィードバックを共有しましょう。
このように英語シャドーイングを利用することで、特に「IELTS スピーキング対策」としても非常に効果的ですので、ぜひ取り入れてみてください。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 「used to」 used to + 動詞 — 今はもう違う過去の習慣や状態 | used to have · used to describe · used to put |
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | being terrified · was changed · are classified |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | have come · has been learned |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。