शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
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Hello everyone.
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Today we're going to study an interesting topic in psychology.
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Phobias.
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We'll first learn about types of phobias and then the causes of phobias and the treatment of phobias.
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But first, Let's get the definition clear.
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A phobia is a fear.
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Yes, but a phobia isn't a normal fear It's an extreme fear.
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It's basically a very strong, very focused fear.
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There are two main kinds of phobias.
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One is a specific phobia, like the fear of a dog, and the second type is a situational phobia, like the fear of public speaking.
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An important thing to remember: we all have some fears.
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That's natural.
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But a phobia is much stronger.
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Okay.
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Sometimes it can be so constant or it can be so serious that it interferes with a person's life.
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then some kind of treatment may be necessary.
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For example, One of my clients, I'll call her Maria, She used to have a phobia of elevators, So a situational phobia.
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She couldn't ride in an elevator without being terrified.
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Sometimes she would panic and start breathing fast as soon as she got into an elevator.
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- Yes.
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After a while, she refused to ride in any elevators at all.
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Even if she had to walk up 20 flights of stairs, she would do just that.
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in order to avoid being in an elevator.
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Her life was changed by the phobia Alright, so we have a basic definition of a phobia an extreme fear,
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and one that interferes with the person's life.
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Okay, now let's go a little deeper into our definition of phobia here.
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Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia.
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These characteristics help us to understand the difference between a phobia, and a normal fear.
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First, a phobia isn't a rational response.
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It's a very strong reaction too strong for the situation.
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For my patient Maria, who was afraid of elevators,
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this meant that she had a very strong physical reaction if someone even asked her to get onto an elevator.
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She'd start sweating and shaking.
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Not a rational response.
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The second characteristic is this: The duration is long.
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A phobia often lasts for a long time.
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It may last several years or even a person's whole life.
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And third, the reaction is too strong for the person to control.
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For example, for Maria, even though when she told herself not to be afraid to ride in the elevator, It didn't help.
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She still felt very scared no matter what she did.
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Her fear was uncontrollable.
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Okay, so those are the three characteristics of a phobia.
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it's, an irrational response, it's long -lasting, and it's uncontrollable.
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Now, let's spend a minute going over some types of common phobias.
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It's important to understand that phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears.
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Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear.
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So here are some examples.
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Hypno.
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H -Y -P -N -O means sleep.
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So fear of sleep is Hypnophobia.
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Sino means dog, so a fear of dogs is Sinophobia.
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Maria's phobia is known as claustrophobia, a fear of being in closed places.
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That's C -L -A -U, S -T -R -O.
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A very common phobia, I might add.
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Now to the causes of phobias.
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One theory is that a phobia is learned.
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This means that something happens that causes somebody to feel afraid.
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For example, someone could have learned to be afraid of dogs
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if he were attacked and injured by a dog as a child.
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This is an example of direct learning.
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People can also learn to have phobias indirectly by watching how other people react.
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For example, let's imagine a young man.
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We'll call him David.
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David's mother had always been afraid of dogs.
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Whenever David and his mother were together and they saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, even panicked.
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When David saw how his mother reacted, he became very scared too.
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He developed the same phobia, Sinophobia from watching his mother.
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In fact, psychologists find that phobias tend to run in families, that is, they tend to be learned in the same way among family members.
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The second theory about how phobias develop is the association theory.
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The theory says that a phobia is usually the result of a trauma or difficult experience that occurred in childhood.
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In other words, an adult associates a particular object or situation with a past trauma.
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For example, one of my patients was very afraid of the dark.
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After some therapy sessions, we discovered that his father used to put him in a closet as punishment when he was young.
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Now this man associates being in the dark with his terrible childhood experience.
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So, those are the two theories.
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One, that a phobia can be learned.
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and two, that a phobia is caused by an association with an unpleasant memory or event from our past.
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Well, there's hope here.
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We have treatments for phobias.
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And what do you think these treatments are?
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Well, first, psychologists know that if a phobia has been learned, it can usually be unlearned.
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In other words, a person can learn how to change a certain behavior.
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This unlearning is usually done step by step so that a person will gradually lose their deep fear.
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And second, if a phobia is a sign of a deeper psychological problem, then the psychologist can help the patient to become aware of this deeper problem.
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That awareness can lead to getting rid of the phobia for good.
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- Thank you.
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Well, that's enough for now.
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Are there any questions?
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Any questions at all?
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संदर्भ और पृष्ठभूमि
आज का विषय मनोविज्ञान में दिलचस्प है, जिसमें हम फोबियाज़ के बारे में चर्चा करेंगे। फोबियाज़ एक प्रकार का डर है, लेकिन यह सामान्य डर से कहीं अधिक तीव्र होता है। जब हम फोबियाज़ के बारे में बात करते हैं, हमें विशेष और सिचुएशनल फोबियाज़ के बीच का अंतर समझना आवश्यक है। उदाहरण के लिए, कुत्तों का डर एक विशिष्ट फोबिया है, जबकि सार्वजनिक बोलने का डर एक सिचुएशनल फोबिया है। यह जानना महत्वपूर्ण है कि फ़ोबिया व्यक्ति के जीवन को कैसे प्रभावित कर सकता है, जैसे कि एक मरीज, जिसे लिफ्ट में चढ़ने का डर था।
दैनिक संचार के लिए शीर्ष 5 वाक्यांश
- फोबिया क्या है? - फोबिया का अर्थ है एक अत्यधिक डर।
- यह एक असामान्य प्रतिक्रिया है। - फोबिया एक ऐसी प्रतिक्रिया है जो स्थिति के लिए बहुत तीव्र होती है।
- यह लंबे समय तक रहता है। - फोबिया कई वर्षों या जीवन भर रह सकता है।
- मैं इस पर नियंत्रण नहीं रख सकता। - व्यक्तिगत अनुभव में, भय अक्सर नियंत्रण से बाहर होता है।
- फोबिया के प्रकार क्या हैं? - फोबिया को उस चीज़ या स्थिति के अनुसार वर्गीकृत किया जाता है जिससे व्यक्ति डरता है।
शैडोइंग गाइड
अंग्रेजी शब्दावली और उच्चारण में सुधार करने के लिए अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग एक प्रभावी तकनीक है। इस वीडियो को समझने के लिए निम्नलिखित चरणों का पालन करें:
- वीडियो का ध्यानपूर्वक सुनें: फोबियाज़ की विशेषताओं और प्रकारों को समझने के लिए पहले वीडियो को ध्यान से सुनें।
- इको अपनी आवाज़: वीडियो में बताये गए वाक्यांशों को एक-एक करके कहने का प्रयास करें।
- पुनरावृत्ति करें: कठिन वाक्यों को कई बार दोहराएं, जिससे आपका उच्चारण बेहतर हो सके।
- फोकस करें: उन भावनाओं और प्रतिक्रियाओं पर ध्यान दें जो फोबियाज़ से जुड़ी होती हैं।
- अभ्यास करें: नियमित रूप से इस वीडियो के वाक्यांशों का अभ्यास करें, ताकि आप shadow speak और संवाद कौशल में सुधार कर सकें।
याद रखें, यूट्यूब से अंग्रेजी सीखें और इस प्रकार की तकनीकों का उपयोग करके, आप न केवल अपने ज्ञान को बढ़ाएंगे बल्कि अपने संवाद कौशल में भी सुधार करेंगे।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| “used to” used to + क्रिया — बीती आदत या स्थिति जो अब नहीं है | used to have · used to describe · used to put |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | being terrified · was changed · are classified |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have come · has been learned |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।