Shadowing Practice: Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint - Learn English Speaking with Video
Ders oluşturuluyor...
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Hello everyone.
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Today we're going to study an interesting topic in psychology.
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Phobias.
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We'll first learn about types of phobias and then the causes of phobias and the treatment of phobias.
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But first, Let's get the definition clear.
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A phobia is a fear.
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Yes, but a phobia isn't a normal fear It's an extreme fear.
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It's basically a very strong, very focused fear.
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There are two main kinds of phobias.
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One is a specific phobia, like the fear of a dog, and the second type is a situational phobia, like the fear of public speaking.
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An important thing to remember: we all have some fears.
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That's natural.
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But a phobia is much stronger.
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Okay.
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Sometimes it can be so constant or it can be so serious that it interferes with a person's life.
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then some kind of treatment may be necessary.
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For example, One of my clients, I'll call her Maria, She used to have a phobia of elevators, So a situational phobia.
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She couldn't ride in an elevator without being terrified.
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Sometimes she would panic and start breathing fast as soon as she got into an elevator.
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- Yes.
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After a while, she refused to ride in any elevators at all.
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Even if she had to walk up 20 flights of stairs, she would do just that.
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in order to avoid being in an elevator.
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Her life was changed by the phobia Alright, so we have a basic definition of a phobia an extreme fear,
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and one that interferes with the person's life.
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Okay, now let's go a little deeper into our definition of phobia here.
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Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia.
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These characteristics help us to understand the difference between a phobia, and a normal fear.
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First, a phobia isn't a rational response.
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It's a very strong reaction too strong for the situation.
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For my patient Maria, who was afraid of elevators,
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this meant that she had a very strong physical reaction if someone even asked her to get onto an elevator.
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She'd start sweating and shaking.
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Not a rational response.
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The second characteristic is this: The duration is long.
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A phobia often lasts for a long time.
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It may last several years or even a person's whole life.
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And third, the reaction is too strong for the person to control.
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For example, for Maria, even though when she told herself not to be afraid to ride in the elevator, It didn't help.
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She still felt very scared no matter what she did.
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Her fear was uncontrollable.
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Okay, so those are the three characteristics of a phobia.
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it's, an irrational response, it's long -lasting, and it's uncontrollable.
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Now, let's spend a minute going over some types of common phobias.
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It's important to understand that phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears.
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Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear.
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So here are some examples.
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Hypno.
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H -Y -P -N -O means sleep.
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So fear of sleep is Hypnophobia.
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Sino means dog, so a fear of dogs is Sinophobia.
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Maria's phobia is known as claustrophobia, a fear of being in closed places.
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That's C -L -A -U, S -T -R -O.
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A very common phobia, I might add.
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Now to the causes of phobias.
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One theory is that a phobia is learned.
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This means that something happens that causes somebody to feel afraid.
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For example, someone could have learned to be afraid of dogs
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if he were attacked and injured by a dog as a child.
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This is an example of direct learning.
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People can also learn to have phobias indirectly by watching how other people react.
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For example, let's imagine a young man.
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We'll call him David.
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David's mother had always been afraid of dogs.
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Whenever David and his mother were together and they saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, even panicked.
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When David saw how his mother reacted, he became very scared too.
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He developed the same phobia, Sinophobia from watching his mother.
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In fact, psychologists find that phobias tend to run in families, that is, they tend to be learned in the same way among family members.
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The second theory about how phobias develop is the association theory.
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The theory says that a phobia is usually the result of a trauma or difficult experience that occurred in childhood.
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In other words, an adult associates a particular object or situation with a past trauma.
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For example, one of my patients was very afraid of the dark.
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After some therapy sessions, we discovered that his father used to put him in a closet as punishment when he was young.
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Now this man associates being in the dark with his terrible childhood experience.
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So, those are the two theories.
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One, that a phobia can be learned.
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and two, that a phobia is caused by an association with an unpleasant memory or event from our past.
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Well, there's hope here.
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We have treatments for phobias.
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And what do you think these treatments are?
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Well, first, psychologists know that if a phobia has been learned, it can usually be unlearned.
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In other words, a person can learn how to change a certain behavior.
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This unlearning is usually done step by step so that a person will gradually lose their deep fear.
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And second, if a phobia is a sign of a deeper psychological problem, then the psychologist can help the patient to become aware of this deeper problem.
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That awareness can lead to getting rid of the phobia for good.
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- Thank you.
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Well, that's enough for now.
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Are there any questions?
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Any questions at all?
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 3 Lecture with Powerpoint” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: phobia, fear, elevator, dog, example. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 89 cümle ve 937 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 6:43 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 139 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin yalnızca %80’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 8 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| phobia isim | /ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | fobi |
| psychologist isim | /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/ | psikolog |
| scare fiil | /skɛɚ/ | korkutmak |
| unlearn fiil | /ʌnˈlɝn/ | unutmak |
| interfere fiil | /ˌɪn.tɚˈfɪɚ/ | karışmak, müdahale etmek |
| claustrophobia isim | /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/ | klostrofobi |
| terrify fiil | /ˈtɛɹɪfaɪ/ | dehşete düşürmek |
| unpleasant sıfat | /ʌnˈplɛzn̩t/ | sevimsiz, nahoş |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| “Used to” used to + fiil — artık geçerli olmayan eski bir alışkanlık ya da durum | used to have · used to describe · used to put |
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | being terrified · was changed · are classified |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have come · has been learned |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı isn't, we'll, couldn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 9 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, situational /sɪtjuːˈeɪʃənəl/, claustrophobia /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: scare /skɛɚ/, classify /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/, claustrophobia /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, classify /ˈklæs.əˌfaɪ/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; phobia, psychologist, scare gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.