Prática de Shadowing: Degrees of Murder - What Do They Mean? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
Escolha um modo de prática
Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.
188 frases
Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.
1
The year is 2001 and a young woman is returning home to her apartment with her hands full of recently bought groceries.
2
As she walks down the hallway toward the door of her apartment, she sees her neighbor holding on to the leashes of two incredibly strong and vicious looking Mastiff dogs.
3
The woman is taking care of them, while their owner.
4
A high -ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood serves time in prison.
5
No sooner than the dogs see the woman than they lunge forward, easily getting away from the woman who is holding them.
6
A savage attack ensues.
7
She does not survive the prolonged assault after being bitten on every part of her body beside her scalp
8
and the soles of her feet.
9
The woman who was looking after the dogs understood how dangerous they were.
10
She and her husband were both attorneys doing legal work for the imprisoned owner, so that's how they ended up with the dogs.
11
They were aware of how these dogs, the largest weighing in at 140 pounds, had been badly treated and were extremely aggressive.
12
Ok, viewers, think about that short story for a second.
13
You haven't been given all the facts, but you've heard the basics.
14
What was the person taking care of the dogs guilty of?
15
What about her husband? who wasn't even there at the time of the attack.
16
The answer is, both the husband and wife were sent to prison at first for involuntary manslaughter.
17
The thing is, the wife had at first been charged with what's called implied malice, second degree murder.
18
And although the jury had found her guilty of that, the judge rejected the decision.
19
Seven years later, the decision was reinstated.
20
The dogs, by the way, were euthanized after the attack.
21
You could say they had got the death sentence.
22
Some of you might now be thinking, "How come the husband was convicted of manslaughter even though he wasn't there?" Others might be thinking, "Well, he was equally responsible since he agreed to look after
23
the dogs." We're guessing most of you are wondering what on earth is implied malice second degree murder?
24
The short answer is it's a degree of murder.
25
In the realms of law and how it's applied, murder is far from simple.
26
Today we'll explain what all the degrees are, and to make things clearer for you we'll give you some rather stark examples.
27
Ok, so you've all heard the word "homicide." You probably watched a cop show and heard the line, "I think we've got a homicide on our hands." It basically means the killing of another person.
28
It might have happened through a reckless act, or it might have been on purpose.
29
It could have also been unintentional or on accident.
30
There is something called "non -culpable homicide." What that means is the act of killing a person was justified in some way, such as self -defense, or when a soldier kills another soldier.
31
It could also be an accident in which a person that caused the accident is not at all at
32
The Latin word culpa means fault or blame, so you can be culpable or not culpable.
33
When there's non -culpable homicide, compensation might be sought, but it's not a criminal offense.
34
However, if you cause an accident and someone dies it could be a criminal offense
35
if your actions were the result of.. willful blindness or negligence, A man in the US was convicted of negligent homicide after
36
he left his six -month -old daughter in a vehicle for six hours.
37
She died as a result.
38
The man claimed he'd forgotten.
39
After finding his daughter, he put her in the refrigerator to cool her down.
40
Even though all this sounds quite horrific, in the end he didn't do any prison time.
41
Negligent homicide is similar to manslaughter, but it's also different.
42
They both relate to killing a person without any intention to do so, although the former concerns not doing something rather than doing something.
43
Manslaughter is more about recklessness, while negligent homicide relates more to making a fatal mistake.
44
How courts see things depends on them, The guy who left his kid in the car could have been convicted of manslaughter, and there have even been cases where the same happened and the parent has been charged with the murder.
45
That happened in 2016 in Georgia.
46
As you'll understand, after you finish the show, what a person is charged with doesn't always make sense.
47
Or at least person A and person B can commit the exact same offense
48
and there are two different outcomes in relation to what they're convicted of.
49
Culpable homicide has three major categories: murder, manslaughter, and infanticide.
50
That means killing an infant, and as you'll see, there's more to it than this.
51
Let's start with something rather easy.
52
Take the story of Ted Bundy.
53
He killed people because he wanted to kill people.
54
That was his intention.
55
That's certainly a culpable homicide, as is hurting someone so bad that the perpetrator is pretty sure the injuries will lead to death.
56
this, but actually kills bystander Mrs. C.
57
What's that?
58
Well, it's still murder, even if the person didn't mean to kill Mrs. C, and that's because his first intention was to kill.
59
But in this case, the killing was transferred to another person.
60
This is called "transferred intent." Let's now give you an example.
61
A woman in the US was shot and killed even though she was totally unknown to the guy that pulled the trigger.
62
He was standing a block away having an argument with a guy when he shot the gun.
63
You could say he didn't mean to kill the woman, but because he did mean to kill the man, he was charged with murder with transferred intent.
64
Even if you do something that you know is so crazy
65
that it could possibly kill someone but you didn't have the explicit aim to kill someone, it can still be ruled as murder.
66
It basically means that your conduct was so damn dangerous and foolish that when a person died as a result, it is murder.
67
This could be said to be a third degree murder, something which not all states in the US have.
68
In other countries, it just wouldn't be called murder, it'd be called manslaughter.
69
It could also be called depraved heart murder which sounds like something from Middle Ages Britain.
70
We should say that this can be both second degree and third degree.
71
We told you this was complicated.
72
Let's give you a real -life example of a depraved heart murder.
73
There was a teenager in the US who thought it'd be a good idea to get the guys together
74
and play a game of Russian roulette.
75
That's never a good idea.
76
One kid died as a result.
77
During the trial, his defense argued that it wasn't murder because there was no intent, but in the end he was found guilty under the depraved heart murder doctrine.
78
We found a more recent example involving a man who supplied a woman with drugs, that the drugs were very strong.
79
She died sometime later, and the guy was convicted of depraved heart third -degree murder.
80
That happened in the state of Minnesota, a place where you can be convicted of third -degree murder for the murder of an unborn child.
81
This is how the kind of murder has been explained.
82
A murder without intent to affect the death of any person
83
causing the death of another by perpetrating the act eminently dangerous to others
84
and evincing an appraved mind without regard for human life.
85
Yep, being stupid can make you a murderer, in some countries at least.
86
In many countries if you can't prove killing with intent you will not be sentenced to murder at all, but the sentence of the crime will be based on just how reckless the action was.
87
Then you have second degree murder, which also differs from state to state, or how a jury in a state will view the crime.
88
Unlike what we've just talked about, it usually involves the killing of another without explicit intent.
89
Let's imagine that you lent your friend some cash, but when you ask for it back he refuses to pay up.
90
Worse than that, he tells you that you never gave him any money, and anyway you're a total pushover.
91
He then goes and tells his friend what a loser you are.
92
Another thing, your mom's always going on about how you need anger management sessions.
93
You are infuriated at that very moment and even though you have no plan to kill the guy, you just pick up a baseball bat that's handily lying around and whack him with it.
94
In this case, you might be charged with second degree murder because you didn't plan on killing him.
95
You did know though that when you violently swung that bat, you caused serious damage to his head.
96
If he actually started hitting you and you went overboard and smashed his head with the bat, it could be deemed a lesser crime, but we'll get around to that.
97
You could also have been charged with second -degree murder if you showed what's called extreme indifference to human life.
98
Let's imagine you didn't have a bat, but inside your house you had a gun.
99
Since your emotions were all exploding, you went into your house and grabbed it.
100
When you went outside, you just acted up, not really firing it at your friend, who was now some distance away laughing at you with his friends, but you fired over their heads to cause a scene.
101
Except someone was hit and died.
102
Maybe you thought it was an accident, but you showed extreme indifference to human life.
103
Now you're a second -degree murderer.
104
Something similar recently happened in Alaska.
105
Two men had been arguing in a car when the driver ordered his friend to get out.
106
The driver went on for a bit and then turned around.
107
He drove back in the same direction and swerved as if to hit his friend.
108
This could have been first degree murder, but it was only charged with second degree because it was thought he didn't really mean to kill him.
109
Ok, so what is that thing called felony murder?
110
It basically means that someone had the intent to commit a felony crime, but in the process of doing that someone was killed.
111
This can be complicated too, so we'll give you an example.
112
Two guys go into a clothing store with the intention of robbing it.
113
That's a felony crime, but during the commission of
114
that crime one of the guys pulls out a gun and shoots the store owner.
115
Ok, so the other guy didn't even know his buddy was carrying a gun, but it doesn't matter, he was there.
116
He could be charged with felony murder, either first degree or second degree, but likely first degree.
117
Let's now change the scenario.
118
Two guys go into the store unarmed, except this time the owner pulls out a gun and kills one of the offenders.
119
He leaves the other alone.
120
The owner is not charged with anything since he was protecting his property, but the surviving guy is charged with felony murder because it's partly his fault that his friend was shot.
121
This has happened, and it's happened a lot.
122
It's a good reason not to take part in a crime if you know your friends are unstable and dangerous.
123
Most countries would never convict, say, a getaway driver of murder or the guy keeping the lookout, but some states in the US have a zero tolerance to these crimes,
124
never mind if someone was just there.
125
A young man in 2004 was sentenced to life without parole
126
for a felony murder even though he wasn't close to the crime.
127
He'd just lent his car to some friends, but he'd been told they were going to steal drugs from people.
128
He didn't, however, know anyone would be killed.
129
This was what he later said, "I honestly thought they were going to get food." When they actually mentioned what was going on, I thought it was a joke.
130
His sentence was later reduced to 25 years.
131
The lesson to be learned here is don't lend your car to small -time gangsters.
132
You can end up facing a lifetime in prison.
133
You can also be convicted of capital murder, which is one that can lead to the death penalty.
134
This can be very straightforward, of course, but it can also be felony murder.
135
There are umpteen cases of people not pulling the trigger but were executed just because they were there.
136
In most cases, the people that didn't commit the actual murder were participants in the crime, but in some cases they may not have known anyone would be killed.
137
That's another reason not to hang out with maniacs.
138
It could get you an appointment with a cocktail of lethal drugs.
139
So what about that woman at the start of the show who was convicted of implied malice, second degree murder?
140
What exactly does that mean?
141
Some states will call this a murder in which a person shows a conscious disregard for life.
142
In this case, the jury agreed that the woman knew those dogs were capable of killing someone, and yet she still took them out for a walk.
143
She was also aware that if they should try to get away from her, she'd be helpless to stop them.
144
You could be charged with this if you joined in on beating some guy up.
145
You and your friends carried on doing it until the guy was black and blue.
146
You should have known this could result in death.
147
Another case in which it could happen is if you had firearms training and killed someone accidentally while showing off your gun.
148
Again, you should have known better.
149
Many drunk drivers have faced this charge.
150
Some courts might find you guilty of the lesser charge of manslaughter, but if they think you showed enough implied malice, they might actually find you guilty of murder.
151
Manslaughter also has degrees, and they can sound similar to some degrees of murder we've discussed.
152
actions, but you might not be charged with the crime at all.
153
Imagine you were walking down the street and some drunk guy bumped into you and then fell and hit his head.
154
That's not a crime, but what if you pushed him?
155
Well, if it's a crime will depend on how hard you pushed him and the whims of criminal justice.
156
There's involuntary manslaughter, which means unintentional killing of someone from negligence or reckless behavior.
157
That can also be sometimes deemed to be a kind of murder.
158
An example of involuntary manslaughter could be a guy It wasn't a depraved action,
159
and there was no malice unless the guy was drunk on something, and in most cases if he was just forgetful it would be involuntary manslaughter.
160
Let's give you a real -life example of an involuntary manslaughter, and a strange one at that.
161
A rich man hired a young man to dig a hole under his mansion to find a hidden nuclear bunker.
162
As the man was digging, there was an electrical fire and he died.
163
The rich man was later charged with involuntary manslaughter, which meant his reckless actions had caused the death.
164
But get this, he was also charged with second -degree depraved heart murder.
165
That's because he also showed a depraved indifference to human life.
166
If you're wondering how someone can be convicted of a lesser crime as well as a worse crime, it's because the jury can choose only the lesser crime if they want to.
167
There's also constructive manslaughter, which means someone is killed during the commission of a small crime.
168
Let's say you're driving recklessly and you hit someone, well that could be constructive manslaughter.
169
If you were driving normally and some kid just ran from behind a van in front of you, that was an accident.
170
Then there's voluntary manslaughter, which ends with someone being killed even though the person charged with the manslaughter didn't intend to kill someone.
171
He was also aware his actions could possibly lead to something very bad happening.
172
It's pretty common.
173
Imagine you get into a fight over who's next on the pool table.
174
You're not a killer, but you know how to defend yourself.
175
You hit the guy and he dies.
176
Okay, so you could be charged with second -degree murder, but because you acted knowing you were at risk, it's likely you'd be convicted of voluntary manslaughter.
177
home to find their spouse in bed with another person, they could get angry.
178
If a fight breaks out and someone dies, perhaps they are mitigating circumstances and the crime could be voluntary manslaughter.
179
Let's give you a real -life case.
180
Not long ago in the US, a man believed another man was dating his ex -girlfriend.
181
But both men got into an altercation with one of the men, the guy accused of dating the ex, thinking the other guy was going to pull a gun on him because he reached around his back.
182
"I didn't wait for his hand to come back up, and I shot him," he later told the court.
183
The other guy died.
184
That might sound like murder to you guys, and indeed, he was first charged with second -degree murder but in the end he got 25 years for voluntary manslaughter.
185
It seems it was thought there was no intent to kill, and this all happened in the heat of the moment.
186
But like many of the cases we've discussed today, there's sometimes no telling what a person might be convicted of.
187
Now, you need to watch Why Prisoner Proven Innocent Can't Be Released, or have a look at Innocent on Death Row.
188
Here's what you actually get when you're released.
Baixar aplicativo
Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente
Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase
Prática de IPADomine cada som
VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras
Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando
Mesmo canal
B21
6'9" Brilliant Psychopath Who Hunted College Students (America's Most Evil Serial Killers)
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
What Happens When You Die?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
Scientifically Proven Best Ways to Study
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
Crazy Laws That Still Exist Around The World
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C12
20% Speed of Light!! NEW Light Engine is INSANE!
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
These Crimes Will Send You To Death Row
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B25
How To Lucid Dream in Your Sleep In 3 Minutes
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
Insane Assassinations That Changed the World
University StudentsWorking Adults
B24
Warren Buffett Is Selling NOW. The $397 Billion COLLAPSE.
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
C14
The Limitless AI Lie. The Bubble Is Slowly BURSTING.
Business EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
50 Insane Facts About Vietnam War You Didn't Know
University StudentsWorking Adults
B21
15 Surprising Rules That Las Vegas Hotels Strictly Enforce
Travel EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
MH370's LAST Hunt. MYSTERY FINALLY SOLVED.
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
Innocent on Death Row, Here's What You Actually Get When You're Released
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
What Happens To Nuclear Waste?
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
Countries with the Worst Punishments Today
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B23
Maximum Security Prison Escape And Insane Crime Spree
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B23
Why Did Hitler Hate Jews
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
B21
The Leaked Audit That Exposes OpenAI's Real Financial Crisis
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
Win $20,000 Dollars if You Survive this Haunted House
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Vídeo recomendado
C16
224 frases
Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 01 "THE MORAL SIDE OF MURDER"
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C13
21 frases
44 Audio Track
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
137 frases
Bộ XƯƠNG trong rừng | Nhân chủng học pháp y | giáo sư Sue Black
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C25
263 frases
The Maid Wanted To Escape…At Any Cost | Bedok Double Murders
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
64 frases
How To Get Away with Murder - "Day One and you're unprepared"
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C111
372 frases
The 3 ways stupidity spreads throughout a society | Jonny Thomson
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
83 frases
TOEFL Listening Practice | Lecture | The Warrior Gene (M.A.O.A.)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
113 frases
How bite marks made one man a murder suspect | Part 1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
40 frases
Powerful Closing Argument - For The People
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
259 frases
We've Been Using The Wrong Science In Court For 50 years
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C2 usa o vídeo “Degrees of Murder - What Do They Mean?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: murder, degree, manslaughter, crime, charged. Este vídeo tem 188 frases e 2999 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 13:28. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 223 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 85% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| manslaughter substantivo | /ˈmænˌslɔtɚ/ | homicídio culposo |
| convict verbo | /ˈkɑnvɪkt/ | condenar |
| homicide substantivo | /ˈhɑ.məˌsaɪ̯d/ | homicídio |
| depraved adjetivo | /dɪˈpɹeɪvd/ | depravado |
| culpable adjetivo | /ˈkʌlpəbəl/ | culpável |
| involuntary adjetivo | /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/ | involuntário |
| malice substantivo | /ˈmælɪs/ | malícia, malignidade |
| reckless adjetivo | /ˈɹɛkləs/ | imprudente |
| imply verbo | /ɪmˈplaɪ/ | implicar, ter como consequência |
| voluntary adjetivo | /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/ | voluntário |
| indifference substantivo | /ɪnˈdɪf.ɹəns/ | indiferença |
| negligent adjetivo | /ˈnɛɡ.lɪ.d͡ʒənt/ | negligente |
| lend verbo | /ˈlɛnd/ | emprestar |
| deem verbo | /dim/ | considerar, estimar |
| negligence substantivo | /ˈnɛɡlɪd͡ʒəns/ | negligência |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| pull out verbo | retirar, retirar-se |
| end up verbo | terminar, acabar |
| get out verbo | sair |
| pick up verbo | pegar |
| show off verbo | mostrar-se, jactar-se |
| turn around verbo | rodar, girar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Let's start with something rather easy.
- Let's now change the scenario.
- That's not a crime, but what if you pushed him?
- Let's give you a real -life case.
- Here's what you actually get when you're released.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Frases condicionais if + oração, will/would + verbo — uma condição e seu resultado | if it's a crime will depend · if he was just forgetful it would be |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | being bitten · had been badly treated · been given |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | haven't been given · have even been · has been explained |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | woman who is · woman who was · guy who left |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 51 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, you're, wasn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: euthanize /ˈjuː.θənˌaɪz/, lethal /ˈliː.θəl/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: unintentional /ˌʌnɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/, altercation /ˌɔltɚˈkeɪʃən/, pushover /ˈpʊʃəʊvə(ɹ)/, vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/, foolish /ˈfuː.lɪʃ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: involuntary /ɪnˈvɑ.lənˌtɛɹ.i/, voluntary /ˈvɑ.lənˌt(ɛ)ɹi/, unintentional /ˌʌnɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/, altercation /ˌɔltɚˈkeɪʃən/, eminently /ˈɛmɪnəntli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: convict /ˈkɑnvɪkt/, homicide /ˈhɑ.məˌsaɪ̯d/, depraved /dɪˈpɹeɪvd/, negligent /ˈnɛɡ.lɪ.d͡ʒənt/, lend /ˈlɛnd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: culpable /ˈkʌlpəbəl/, unintentional /ˌʌnɪnˈtɛnʃənəl/, forgetful /fərˈɡɛtfəl/, parole /pəˈɹəʊl/, lethal /ˈliː.θəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: homicide /ˈhɑ.məˌsaɪ̯d/, helpless /ˈhɛlplɪs/, hallway /ˈhɔlˌweɪ/, horrific /həˈɹɪfɪk/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como manslaughter, convict, homicide.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.