Практика Shadowing: 1955 vs 2025, who actually had it better? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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This is me if I lived in 1955.

Here I am in 1975 and 1995, 2015, and then today.

I'm going to put myself in the shoes of a middle

income earner in all of these decades to answer a very important question about the United States.

Is the average American better off today than they were all these decades ago?

Does the typical American make more money, have a better chance of owning a home?

It's an important question because this graph shows that our economy has grown immensely since the 50s.

I mean, we've got the largest economic pie on Earth.

And even when you account for inflation and the fact that our population has grown, you still see immense growth.

I mean, look at this.

We've added tons of prosperity in this country that theoretically, every person is entitled to some part of.

Or, as some economists put it, has our country produced shared prosperity?

When I think about how well the economy delivers, I think about how well it delivers for the people, for the workers and their families.

How well are they receiving that prosperity?

I'm going to show you how all of this economic prosperity we've created has been shared or not shared.

And in all of this, I want to get to the bottom of perhaps one of the most important questions in our country, which is, is everyone able to move up?

If they work hard enough or if they get educated, can you climb the economic ladder here?

Are you going to do better than your parents?

Can you reach higher levels of income?

Can you change your relative position?

The American dream, we sometimes call it.

A quote, dream of a better, richer, happier life for all citizens of every rank.

Is that still alive?

And if not, why?

I believe that answering these key questions is incredibly important for the future of this country, which is why we've been deep in all of the data,

and I'm going to try to lay it out as clearly as possible by traveling through time.

As always, all of the assertions in this video are fact-checked and linked in our sources.

So with that, let's start traveling back in time.

You can't repeat the patterns.

Why, of course you can.

Okay, so I'm traveling back towards the 1950s.

As we move through time, I'm going to be keeping an eye on this main graph.

This graph is kind of our anchor.

It will be showing how the economy has grown over time.

And again, it's adjusted for prices and population growth.

When this graph goes up, it means that there's more economic prosperity to go around.

We're gonna see how it gets divided up.

And for each decade I'm gonna be looking at these four economic indicators.

Am I making more money?

Can I afford a house?

Is this economic growth being shared equally by everyone?

And how likely am I to be making more than my parents?

Oh look, we're arriving to the 1950s.

So it's the 1950s here in America, and I, the middle income earner, have just returned from fighting in the most devastating war of human history.

But we Americans came out on top and our economy is booming.

I work in this car factory, it's one of the many factories

that was converted from making weapons to now making valuable stuff that we're shipping around the world.

Our country is getting rich.

I am making an average income, so my income right now is $4,400.

In today's money, that's more like $41,000.

We're going to adjust everything for modern dollars, in this case, $2023 prices are higher these days, so our money is more valuable to make it all make sense.

Okay, wait, pause.

I'm not gonna do that every single time, like, talk about the inflation.

I'm just gonna say everything from now on in modern dollars.

It'll allow us to compare a lot easier between the decades.

Okay, with that, let's get all the magic going again.

Pretty cool, right?

Let's meet my family.

So my wife doesn't work.

Only a third of women did back then.

And really, she doesn't need to.

My factory job supports the whole family.

And look, I own that home.

I paid $84,000 for this thing, again in modern dollars.

That's actually not that much more than my yearly salary.

This is considered very affordable.

And a major reason why is because the government is helping me pay for a lot of this.

And they've got the cash to do it.

I mean, look at the top tax rate for the rich.

So a booming economy and all this tax revenue means that the government is helping build all of these suburban homes,

and is giving us veterans good deals on mortgages so that we can get in on the prospering US economy

start building wealth by owning a home.

How a returning serviceman who was starting his own business would get a financial boost from the government.

How money would be advanced to buy property or a home.

We're coming out of World War II.

There are absolutely lots of public programs.

Policymakers today and back then had a lot to do with how typical workers and their families were doing.

Okay, so the economy is booming.

Let's see how all of this prosperity is being shared.

And for that, I'm going to show you this amazing graph.

I love this graph.

We're going to see it over the decades and it tells a very useful story.

This is my income, the median earner.

Here's the income of the top earners.

And this line is the low income in America.

And down here is like years.

Okay, watch what happens.

Ready, go.

Look at this.

Look what's happening.

All three of these income brackets are increasing their income at the same rate.

We are all getting in on this prosperity.

We are sharing the spoils of a booming economy.

Nice.

In the roughly two, three decades after World War II, we saw what I would consider broadly shared prosperity.

As the economy grew, as workers became more productive, workers across the board were actually seeing gains in their living standards.

This is a great indicator that income equality in the United States is good and healthy.

Okay, last thing for the 1950s, let's check in on the American dream.

Can I move up the ladder?

100

There's a really nice data set for this that says that I am nearly 100% likely to earn more than my parents.

101

There is upward motion in the economy.

102

The American dream is alive, at least for me.

103

Which is an important caveat here.

104

Women were mostly left out of this economic version of the American dream, and so are people who weren't white.

105

Like black Americans, 10% of the population, over a million of whom fought in the war,

106

but upon returning were met with these custom maps that were drawn to determine where they could and could not buy homes.

107

They were largely left out of all of this government help

108

that allowed me to get education and buy a home and build wealth.

109

But if you're just looking at the numbers, the 1950s was a really good time for the median income earner.

110

You could have a family, work in a factory, and be loaded with opportunities to move up the economic ladder, thanks to a booming economy and a bunch of government programs.

111

So now let's move forward in time to the 1970s.

112

Welcome to the 1970s.

113

A lot has changed.

114

The economy is producing a lot more prosperity to go around, as you can see by this graph.

115

And we'll see how that's all being distributed in a second.

116

But first, let's check in on my pay.

117

I'm still working in a factory.

118

I now earn about $66,000.

119

That's an improvement from the 50s.

120

Or should I say we, like millions of other women, my wife has entered the workforce.

121

They still only earn 60% of what men do, but look, they're breaking into the workforce.

122

Nearly half of all women are gonna be working by the end of the decade.

123

Partly as a push for freedom and economic autonomy, but partly as a necessity.

124

It's becoming harder for a family to be supported by a single earner.

125

The result is that our income is better off than it was in the 50s.

126

but things are also kind of expensive right now.

127

Inflation is up, partly because there's war in the Middle East and they're cutting us off oil.

128

So there's long lines at these gas stations and everything is more expensive.

129

Anyway, check out my house.

130

I had to pay $230,000 for this house.

131

Housing is getting more expensive and the government is raising the interest rate to slow down inflation, which is making my monthly payment a little more expensive.

132

Home purchasing is becoming a little less accessible to the median, but I still have this cool house.

133

Okay, let's go back to this super useful graph that tells us how the economic spoils are being shared.

134

Remember, that's me, the median income earner.

135

And look, my income continues to grow at the same rate as the high income and low income earners in our country.

136

The growing economy is being shared by these different income groups.

137

It's actually pretty impressive how like tight everything is moving together as the economy grows.

138

Oh, and look, they've started collecting data on how much more CEOs are making than the typical employee.

139

Looks like by the middle of the decade, It's about 26 times more.

140

Wait, are CEOs making too much?

141

Is that bad?

142

What do you think?

143

I don't know, let's keep an eye on this chart as time continues

144

and we can assess if we think this is unfair.

145

Okay, but what about the American dream?

146

How easy it is to make more than your parents?

147

Well, if I'm an adult in the 1970s, it means I was born in the 1950s, which according to this data set means I'm 80% likely to earn more than my parents.

148

I mean, pretty good.

149

The American dream seems to be doing pretty well.

150

So I would say that economic life in the 1970s is better for the median earner than it was in the 50s.

151

And something that we're not covering here

152

because we're looking at the cold hard data is

153

that there's also a revolution happening that's making it more equal and more fair for minority groups in the United States.

154

So these are good trends.

155

Let's see how they continue as we move on to the 1990s.

156

Guess you guys aren't ready for that yet.

157

Boy, your kids are gonna love it.

158

To get to the 90s, we have to go through the 80s and look at all of this economic growth.

159

The president has been very busy slashing taxes, getting rid of regulation and social programs and rejiggering the economy to benefit businesses,

160

making it harder for workers to like gather and get leverage over their employers.

161

And look, we are arriving to the 1990s.

162

What a great decade.

163

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164

I'm out of the collage world

165

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190

Let's leave my room full of maps and get back into the 1990s.

191

The big standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union is over and people are stoked.

192

We enter the 1990s with this little recession.

193

We're getting ready for a big surge of more growth thanks to the rise of the internet.

194

Remember, I am still playing the role of the middle income earner, okay?

195

So it's not like I was like born back in the 50s and I've been growing up.

196

I am a young adult who was the middle income earner.

197

How am I doing?

198

So I still work at a factory.

199

America is still a manufacturing powerhouse here in the 90s, though that is literally right about to change.

200

I wish I could warn myself.

201

My household brings in $176,000 a year, which is definitely better than the 50s and 60s, but you can kind of see that things are flattening out.

202

And in fact, I'm not making that much more than I was in the late 70s.

203

Check out my cool 90s house.

204

Costs me $273,000.

205

That's almost four times our yearly income.

206

Way more expensive than in the 50s.

207

Housing is getting a little less affordable.

208

Okay, the economy is doing well.

209

How are we sharing all of this economic prosperity?

210

Remember we started back in the 50s and we saw how the high income, the low income, and me, the middle income, we all saw similar growth in our income gains.

211

We all got in on economic growth equally.

212

That continued through the 70s.

213

But wait, look what happens right here.

214

Whoa, they're diverging.

215

It's around the 1980s when you see the top earners start to pull away from the rest of us.

216

Their income is going up faster than mine, and my income is going up a little faster than the low-income population.

217

Okay, that's unsettling.

218

I liked it more when they were all kind of like on top of each other, growing at the same rate.

219

We'll keep an eye on this graph, but there's a bunch of other graphs starting to come out.

220

Another divergence happening on how productive the economy is versus how much I get paid.

221

They're both going up at the same time.

222

I'm more productive, I get paid more.

223

Cool.

224

But around the same time, the same split happens.

225

My pay starts the flatline even as productivity continues to go up.

226

So then there's this period

227

that starts around 1979 in the early 80s where we see this pulling apart between economic growth

228

and what typical workers and their families receive from that economic growth.

229

So who's getting in on all this extra productivity?

230

This growth that's happening in our economy, if not me.

231

Well let's check in on those CEOs.

232

So remember back in the 70s, CEOs were making like 25 times more than the typical worker.

233

Kind of seems like a lot.

234

Let's see what happens here.

235

Oh my god look at this.

236

Okay, whoa, by the end of the 90s, CEOs are making almost 400 times the typical worker.

237

And I thought 20 times was a lot.

238

Those at the top are receiving much larger shares of

239

that growing economy than those at the middle or at the bottom of the wage distribution.

240

So that pulling apart, that increasing economic inequality is apparent no matter how you look at it.

241

That high is going increasingly to the very top.

242

Okay, okay, but isn't inequality often seen as a byproduct of rapid economic growth?

243

Could this be a good thing for our economy?

244

Yes, people are getting really rich really fast, but it's because they're innovating and making our economy more productive.

245

And plus, everything I've shown you is before taxes, guys.

246

So like, the rich pay a lot of taxes.

247

Okay, so let's see what happens to the income of the rich people after taxes.

248

Here we go.

249

Oh, okay.

250

Well.

251

Well, the taxes didn't do that much.

252

There's something going on here.

253

The rich are getting really rich really fast.

254

I mean, what these lines all show is that 1980 was kind of this inflection point in our economy,

255

where the top earners kind of started to get in on most of the prosperity.

256

And yes, there are economists who argue that inequality isn't bad for an economy.

257

It actually spurs growth and investment into the economy and eventually that raises all boats.

258

It trickles down.

259

And advocates for this way of thinking say that we shouldn't focus on inequality but instead on poverty reduction.

260

Okay, poverty reduction, how we doing?

261

Poverty plummeted after World War II, but you can see that at this time, like 1980, when inequality starts to get really bad,

262

poverty basically stays the same.

263

Goes up for big series of years.

264

So this is concerning, and this is my interpretation of the data.

265

I'm sure some of you have very different interpretations and I would love to see you down in the comments.

266

Anyway, let's check in on the American dream.

267

America is all about big risks big rewards so yeah inequality is happening

268

but like if you can go from rags to riches maybe that's very American and okay.

269

If I was born in 1970s I'm now an adult in the 1990s

270

and the data says that 59% of us born to the middle income will out earn our parents.

271

So that means that 40% of my peers here in the middle income will earn the same or less than their parents,

272

even as we are seeing all of this economic growth.

273

I mean you can see this trend here.

274

The American dream of being able to move up the ladder is becoming less

275

and less a reality for a bigger and bigger portion of the population.

276

Okay, so that was a big change from all the trends.

277

Let's see what happens next.

278

People assume that time is a strict progression of cause to effect, but actually it's more like a big ball of wibbly wobbly timey wimey stuff.

279

Okay, we're moving into the new millennium.

280

America's fighting a couple of wars.

281

The economy is actually doing pretty well until, whoops, whoa, the bankers got a little loosey-goosey for a couple of years making obscene amounts of money

282

and crashing the entire world economy.

283

But okay, Let's move on from the biggest recession of our time.

284

We're arriving to the 2010s.

285

This is a world that most of us are familiar with.

286

Let's see how the median income earner fares.

287

I don't work in a factory anymore.

288

All of those jobs have dried up and been shipped to Asia.

289

So I now work as a middle manager at an insurance company, and my household income is $81,000 a year.

290

Which is, wait a minute, same as 1997, but wait, during this same 13-year period from 1997 to 2010, the economy grew by this much.

291

I mean, that line's going up.

292

The economy's making more stuff.

293

There's more prosperity.

294

Even when you adjust for inflation per capita, the economy grew.

295

There should be more to go around.

296

But my household pay is the same as it was 13 years previous.

297

Why?

298

Well, we'll see in a second.

299

But first, let's talk about my house.

300

I always love talking about my house.

301

Look at this beauty.

302

I can still afford a house.

303

In fact, here in like post-recession America, housing prices are actually pretty low.

304

The bubble burst.

305

Interest rates had to go down to stimulate the economy.

306

And so home purchasing was actually pretty accessible for a few years.

307

But don't worry, housing prices will be back on the rise in a second.

308

And in fact, they'll start rising faster than my income, making housing less and less affordable.

309

And homeownership still seems to be available mostly for certain groups and not as much for others.

310

In fact, that hasn't changed much since the segregation days.

311

Meanwhile, I think I know what's going to happen to this graph.

312

Yep, the rich are just getting richer faster than my income is going up.

313

And my income is kind of stagnating.

314

Okay, what about the CEOs?

315

Do they pay a price for the big bubble person?

316

Nope, they didn't pay.

317

I mean, they kind of did up and down, but they're still, by the end of the decade, getting paid hundreds of times more than me.

318

Maybe they think they are hundreds of times more productive and they deserve it.

319

I mean, you get the point on the inequality stuff.

320

This is what we've been hearing about for a long time.

321

All of these graphs have the same shape.

322

This great divergence that happens in the 80s where the economy is growing, but the wages for the average person just kind of flatten

323

while the top earners just sort of get in on all of that prosperity.

324

Okay, but the American dream.

325

You can climb the ladder, right?

326

So if you were born in the 1980s, which I was, you're now an adult in the 2010s, and it looks like for the median earner,

327

the majority of us will earn the same or less than our parents.

328

Yeah, this is a problem, and probably doesn't seem fair to a lot of people.

329

But wait, there's hope.

330

Star Trek, Terminator, Time Cop, Time After Time, Quantum Leap, Wrinkle in Time, Somewhere in Time, Hot Tub Time Machine.

331

Hot Tub Time Machine.

332

Okay, I'm back.

333

2025, that's when I'm making this video.

334

So that's modern day for me.

335

We went through a pandemic, the economy kind of got freaked out for a little bit

336

and the median income earner actually started to see some gains after years and years of flatlining.

337

So you do see some potential movement here, some hope.

338

But let's get back to the original question that we started this video with.

339

Is the average American better off now than they were back in the 50s over these decades that we talked about?

340

In a lot of ways, the answer is yes.

341

Especially if you are a woman or not white, then the answer is yes, at least in terms of economic opportunity.

342

But what we've seen on this journey is

343

that the American economy has produced an incredible amount of prosperity and growth over these last seven decades.

344

And that was shared broadly by all of us for a time.

345

But in the last 30, 40 years, The data is very clear that the fruits of the economic growth these days have not been broadly shared.

346

One group is collecting most of the growth.

347

And I didn't even talk about wealth, like the stuff you just own and how that makes money.

348

We were talking just about income on this.

349

Now, this isn't the first time that we've been in this situation.

350

The top 10% collected almost half of all the income way back in the early 1900s before World War II.

351

But we changed that.

352

Look.

353

And the income starts to be distributed more equally.

354

But this graph tells the same story.

355

Look, 1980, boom, here it goes.

356

We're back.

357

We're back to where we were.

358

Now, does this mean that our economy is broken?

359

No, actually, our economy is not broken.

360

It is working exactly how it was designed to work.

361

And this and this and this and this, It's the result of changes to the rules,

362

policies that end up determining who gets the money and who doesn't.

363

These policies are made by people that we elect.

364

And if we don't think that this is fair, we have the power to pressure them to design a system that is fair.

365

Now, the medium income earner doesn't have nearly as much power these days.

366

The top income earners

367

and the corporations have really gotten their foot in the door for the people who have the power to set the rules.

368

So it's harder than ever, but this still is a democracy.

369

If we don't think a system is fair, we still have the power to pressure our politicians to change it.

370

And it's not actually just about income inequality.

371

Yes, that has risen.

372

The rich get richer much faster.

373

It's also about the American dream, this idea of being able to move up.

374

If you get educated, if you work hard, as inequality has gone up, the American dream has gone down.

375

These graphs are built on robust data, And this is the story that it tells.

376

The rungs of the economic ladder have gotten wider and wider apart.

377

And that American dream, ironically a term coined by a rich investment banker born into a rich family in New York City,

378

that dream is looking more and more like a myth.

379

I can't repeat the past.

380

No. Why, of course you can. Of course you can.

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В этом видео 380 предложений и 4326 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 24:05. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 180 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. 86% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
graph существительное	/ɡɹæf/	гра́фик, диагра́мма
prosperity существительное	/pɹɑˈspɛɹ.ɪ.ti/	преуспева́ние, процвета́ние
inequality существительное	/ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/	нера́венство
median существительное	/ˈmiː.di.ən/	медиа́на
earn глагол	/ɝn/	зараба́тывать, зарабо́тать
boom глагол	/bum/	рокота́ть, грохота́ть
ladder существительное	/ˈlæd.ɚ/	ле́стница
productive прилагательное	/pɹəˈdʌk.tɪv/	продукти́вный, производи́тельный
inflation существительное	/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/	инфля́ция
poverty существительное	/ˈpɑːvɚti/	бе́дность, нищета́
sponsor существительное	/ˈspɒn.səː/	поручи́тель, поручи́тельница
equally наречие	/ˈiːkwəli/	одина́ково, по́ровну
arrive глагол	/əˈɹaɪv/	прибыва́ть, прибы́ть
partly наречие	/ˈpɑɹtli/	части́чно, отча́сти
affordable прилагательное	/əˈfɔɹ.də.bəl/	досту́пный

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
go up глагол		поднима́ться, подня́ться
check out глагол		проверя́ть, прове́рить
pull apart глагол		разнима́ть, разня́ть
come out глагол	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	выходи́ть, вы́йти
end up глагол		зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться
go down глагол		спуска́ться, спусти́ться
grow up глагол		расти́, выраста́ть
slow down глагол		замедля́ть, заме́длить

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 91 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, we're, we've. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, myth /mɪθ/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, recession /ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/, reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: prosperity /pɹɑˈspɛɹ.ɪ.ti/, inequality /ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/, affordable /əˈfɔɹ.də.bəl/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, accessible /əkˈsɛs.ɪ.bəl/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как graph, prosperity, inequality.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Present Perfect Continuous have/has been + -ing — действие началось раньше и продолжается	I've been growing · we've been hearing
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has grown · We've added · we've created
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is entitled · has been shared · being shared
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	country, which is · people who weren · inflation, which is

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: 1955 vs 2025, who actually had it better? - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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