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Dr. Paul Bloom I'd like to welcome people to Introduction to Psychology.

My name is Dr. Paul Bloom and I'm a professor for this course.

If you haven't yet picked up a syllabus from the front of the class, please raise your hand.

Are we out?

Are we at a syllabi?

Oh, please raise your hand and one of the teaching fellows will bring it to you if you don't yet have a syllabus.

The syllabus is also available on this website.

This website will become important to you should you choose to take this class.

It will include the syllabus, course, which will occasionally be revised well in advance.

Also, all of the class material will be on this site, including copies of the slides I'm presenting, including these slides right now,

practice exams, and any details on the written assignments.

So, you'll need to use this website regularly to keep in touch with the course.

Today will be a short class.

What I just want to do today is orient you, tell you what this course is about.

I know this is shopping period

and I want to give you a good sense of what you'd be in for if you took this course.

I want to go over the style of the classes, the evaluation, the readings, and so on,

and then give some examples of some of the specific topics that we'll be covering.

But before I get started, I have to point out something a little bit unusual about this this class.

We are being filmed.

This course is one of seven courses chosen to begin the Yale University Open Educational Resources video lecture project.

And what this means is that

when the year is over these videos will be available on

the internet free for anybody who wants to see them and ideally will be accessed by people across many different countries,

universities, some who would not normally have access to a university education.

I see this as a good and honorable use of Yale's resources

and of course it's also part of Yale's plan for world domination. So, because of this,

a Yale University production team from the Center of Media Initiatives is going to be taping all the class lectures

and they're up there.

The idea is that this should be as unobtrusive as possible.

And the classroom experience should essentially be the same as if they're not there.

So, it's their intention to tape the lectures, to tape me and sometimes the slides,

but not tape your faces or voices so we're not having you sign release forms.

Two things.

One thing is personally I have to remind myself not to use profanity

because children may be watching so I'll try not to do that.

There's also another

Another complexity, if you are in the front row

or the second row or the third row it is possible that some part of your head,

your back, or even your face might end up on film.

If you are in the witness protection program or you're some sort of fugitive, you probably don't want to sit in the front row.

I'll give them… If people want to unobtrusively kind of slide back, that's fine as I'm talking.

Okay, we're ready.

So, I'd like to welcome people to this course, Introduction to Psychology.

My name is Dr. Paul Bloom.

I'm professor of this course.

And what this is going to be is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind.

So, we're going to cover a very, very wide range of topics, including brains, children, sex, memory,

madness, disgust, racism, and love, and many others.

We're going to talk about things like the proper explanation for differences between men and women, the question of whether animals can learn language,

the puzzle of what grosses us out, the problem of why some of us eat too much and what we could do to stop,

the question of why people go crazy in groups, research into whether you can

You can trust your childhood memories.

Research into why some of us get depressed and others don't.

The style of this is there will be two lectures a week as well as course readings.

Now, to do well in the course, you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings.

There will be some overlap.

In some cases the lectures will be quite linked to the readings

but there will be some parts of the readings that will not find their way into the lectures and some lectures,

some entire lectures that will not connect at all to the readings.

So, to pursue this course properly you have to do both.

What this means is that if you miss a class you need to get notes

and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you.

The slides are going to be made available online.

So, one of the things you don't have to do is you don't have to write this down.

You take notes any way you choose but if you don't get anything on there it'll be available online.

I'm going to post it in a format which will be black

and white and easy to print out so you don't have to worry about this.

But again, attending to the slides is not a substitute for attending class.

There's a textbook, book, Peter Gray's Psychology, 5th edition, and there's also a collection of short readings,

The Norton Reader, edited by Gary Marcus.

It's an excellent textbook.

It's an excellent collection and you should get them both.

They're available at Labyrinth Bookstore on York Street or you can get them online.

I should note that last time I taught the course I used the Marcus Reader

and when Professor Marvin Chun taught his course last semester he used

Peter Gray's fifth edition textbook.

So there may be a lot of used copies floating around.

You should feel free to try to get one of those.

The evaluation goes like this.

There is a midterm and there is a final.

The final will not be held in the exam period because I like to take long vacations.

It will be held the last day of class.

The exams will be multiple choice and short answer, fill in the blank, that sort of thing

and prior to the exams I will post previous exams online

so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on.

There will also be review sessions.

Starting at the beginning of the third week of class, that is not next week but the week after,

on each Monday I'm going to put up a brief question or set of questions which you have to answer.

And your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow and and you'll be given a teaching fellow, assigned one, by Friday.

This is not meant to be difficult.

It's not meant to be more than five, ten minutes of work.

But the point of the question, fifteen, twenty minutes of work,

but the point of the question is to motivate people to keep up with the material and do the readings.

These questions will be marked pass, fail.

I expect most everybody to pass all of the questions.

But it's just to keep you on track and keep you going.

There's a book review, a short book review to be written towards near the end of the class.

I'll give details about that later on in the semester.

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And there's also an experimental participation requirement.

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And next week I'll hand out a piece of paper describing the requirement.

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The point of the requirement is to give you all experience

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actually seeing what psychological research is about as well as to give us hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on.

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The issue sometimes comes up as to how to do well in the course.

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Here's how to do well.

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Attend all the classes, keep up with the readings, ideally keep up with the readings before you come to class.

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And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups, either formally or informally.

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Have people you could talk to do when prior to the exams she's patting somebody next to her.

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I hope you know him.

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And in fact what I want to do, not this class because it's shopping period, I don't know who's coming next class or what,

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but I'll set up a few minutes prior at the beginning

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class for people just to introduce themselves to the person next to them

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so they have some sort of resource in the class.

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class.

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Now, this is a large class and if you don't do anything about it, it can be very anonymous.

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And some of you may choose to pursue it that way and that's totally fine.

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But what I would suggest you do is establish some contact with us,

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either with me or with any of the teaching fellows and I'll introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week.

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You could talk to us at the beginning or the end of class.

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Unless there are special circumstances I always try to come at least ten minutes early

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and I'm willing to stay late to talk to people.

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You could come by during my office hours which are on the syllabus

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and you could send me an email and set up an appointment.

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I'm very willing to talk to students about intellectual ideas, about course problems, and so on.

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And if you see me at some point just on campus, you could introduce yourself.

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I'd like to meet people from this class.

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So, again, I want to stress.

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You have the option of staying anonymous in this class,

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but you also have the option of seeking out and making some sort of contact with us.

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Okay.

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That's the formal stuff of the course.

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What's this course about?

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Unlike a lot of other courses, some people come to intro psychology with some unusual motivations.

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Maybe you're crazy and hope to become less crazy.

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Maybe you want to learn how to you want to study better, improve your sex life, interpret your dreams, and win friends and influence people.

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Those are not necessarily bad reasons to take this course.

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And with the exception of the sex part, this course might actually help you out with some of these things.

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The study of scientific psychology has a lot of insights of real world relevance to real problems

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that we face in our everyday lives.

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And I want to try, and when these issues come up, I'm going to try to stress them

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and make you try to think about the extent to

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which the laboratory research I'll be talking about can affect your everyday life, how you study, how you interact with people,

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how you might try to persuade somebody of something else, what sort of therapy works best for you.

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But the general goals of this course are actually, I think, even more interesting than that.

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What I want to do is provide a state of the art, our introduction to the most important topic that there is,

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us, how the human mind works, how we think, what makes us what we are.

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And we'll be approaching this from a range of directions.

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So, traditionally psychology is often broken up into the following, into five sub -areas.

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Neuroscience, which is the study of the mind by looking at the brain.

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Developmental, which is the area which I focus mostly on, which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn.

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Cognitive, which is the one term of the five that might be unfamiliar to some of you,

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but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind,

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often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer and looking at how people do things like understand language,

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recognize objects, play games, and so on.

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There is social, which is the study of how people act in groups, how people act with other people.

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And there is clinical, which is maybe the aspect of psychology that people think of immediately when they hear psychology,

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which is the study of mental health and mental illness.

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And we'll be covering all of those areas.

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We'll also be covering a set of related areas.

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I am convinced that you cannot study the mind solely by looking at the discipline of psychology.

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The discipline of psychology theology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved.

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Economics and game theory are now an essential tools for understanding human thought and human behavior.

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There's issues connecting to philosophy, computer science, anthropology, literature, theology, and many, many other domains.

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So this course will be wide ranging in that sense.

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At this point I've been speaking and generalities.

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So, I want to close this introductory class by giving five examples of the sorts of topics we'll be covering.

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And I'll start off the topic that we'll be covering next week, on Monday.

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The brain.

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This is a brain.

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In fact, it's a specific person's brain.

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And what's interesting about the brain is that little white the right mark there.

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It's her brain.

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It's Terri Schiavo's brain.

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You recognize her more from pictures like that.

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And what a case like this, where somebody is in a coma, is without consciousness, as a result of damage to the brain,

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is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life, the physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear,

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like free will, mental, consciousness, morality, and emotions.

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And that's what we'll begin the course with, talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.

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We'll talk a lot about children.

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This is actually a specific child.

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It's my son, Zachary, my younger son, dressed up as Spider -Man, but it is Halloween.

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No, it's not Halloween.

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Oh.

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So, well, there's more to say about that.

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I study child development for a living.

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And I'm interested in several questions.

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So one question is just a question of development.

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Everybody in this room can speak and understand English.

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Everybody in this room has some understanding of how the world works, how physical things behave.

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Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people and how people behave.

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And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists is how do we come to have this knowledge?

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And in particular, how much of it is hardwired, built in, innate, and how much of it is a product of culture,

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of language, of schooling?

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And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods to try to pull these apart

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and try to figure out what are the They are basic components of human nature.

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There's also the question of continuity.

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To what extent is Zachary at that age going to be that way forever?

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To what extent is your fate sealed?

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To what extent could, if I were to meet you when you were five years old, I could describe the way you are now?

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Now, the poet William Wordsworth wrote,

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the child is father to the man and what this means is

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that you can see within every child the adult he or she will become.

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We will look and ask the question whether this is true.

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Is it true for your personality?

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Is it true for your interest?

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Is it true for your their intelligence.

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Another question having to do with development is what makes us the way we are.

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We're different in a lot of ways.

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The people in this room differ according to their taste in food, they differ according to their IQs, whether they're aggressive or shy,

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whether they're attracted to males, females, both or neither, whether they're good at music,

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whether they're politically liberal or conservative.

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Why are we different?

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What's the explanation for why we're different?

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And again, this could be translated in terms of a question of genes and environment.

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To what extent are things the result of the genes we possess?

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To what extent are individual natures the result of how we were raised?

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And to what extent are they best explained in terms of an interaction?

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One common theory, for instance, is that we are shaped by our parents.

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This was best summarized most famously by the British poet Philip Larkin who wrote,

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they mess you up, your mom and dad.

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They may not mean to but they do.

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They fill you with the faults they had and add some extra just for you. Is he right?

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It's very controversial.

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It's been a series of, a huge controversy in a popular culture to the extent to which

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parents matter and this is an issue which will preoccupy us for much of the course.

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A different question.

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What makes somebody attractive?

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And this can be asked at all sorts of levels but a simple level is what makes for a pretty

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So these are, according to ratings, very attractive faces.

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They are not the faces of real people.

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What's on the screen are computer -generated faces of a Caucasian male

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and a Caucasian female who don't exist in the real world.

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But through using this sort of computer generation and then asking people what they think of this face, what they think of that face,

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scientists have come to some sense as to what really makes a face attractive both within cultures and across cultures.

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And that's something which we're going to devote some time to when we talk about social behavior and, in particular, when we talk about sex.

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Not all attractiveness, not all beauty, of course, is linked to sex.

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So, pandas, for instance, like this panda, are notoriously cute and I don't have anything to say about it really, it's just a cute picture.

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Morality is extremely central to our lives and a deep question which we will struggle with throughout most of the course

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is the question of good and evil, evil and good.

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These three pictures exemplify different sorts of evil,

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what you call institutional evil by somebody behaving cruelly towards somebody else,

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perhaps not due to malice but because of the situation that she's in.

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It has a picture of Osama bin

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Laden, a mass murderer driven by political cause.

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And then there's this guy on the bottom.

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Anybody know who he is?

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Ted Bundy.

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Ted Bundy.

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Who got that?

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Film that man.

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No, Ted Bundy, exactly.

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And that's like, before we get into the technicals, that's like crazy evil.

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And we're going to have to come to terms with why some people are like that.

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And again, the same situation comes up.

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Is it part of your nature to be good or bad

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or is it largely due to the situation that you've fallen?

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and there's a lot of some quite spectacular experiments that try to tease that apart.

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If we're going to talk about evil, we should also talk about good.

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This is, these are pictures of two notoriously good men, Oskar Schindler and Paul Rusesabudgenia,

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each who at different times in history saved the lives of many, many, many people at great risk to themselves.

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Schindler in the Holocaust and then the other guy in,

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because I can't pronounce his name, Rusesavagenia in Rwanda.

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And they both had real good movies made about them.

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And so, but what's interesting about these cases is you couldn't have predicted ahead of time that they would be heroes disorders.

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And one personal issue within any of us is what would we do in such situations.

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Finally, throughout this course we will discuss mental illness.

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Now, towards the end of the class I want to devote a full week to discussing major disorders like depression

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and anxiety because of their profound social importance disorders.

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Such disorders are reasonably common in college students.

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Many people in this room are currently suffering from a mood disorder, an anxiety disorder, or both.

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And I won't ask for a show of hands,

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but I know a lot of people in this room are on some form of medication for this disorder.

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And we'll discuss the current research in why people get these disorders and what's the best way to make them better.

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But I also have a weakness for the less common mental disorders

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that I think tell us something really interesting about mental life.

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So when we talk about memory, for instance, we'll talk about disorders in memory, including some disorders that keep you from forming new memories,

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as well as disorders of amnesia, where you forget the past.

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And these are extraordinarily

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It's primarily interesting for all sorts of reasons.

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Early in the course, in fact I think next week, we will discuss, no, later on in the course, in the middle of the semester,

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we will discuss the amazing case of Phineas Gage.

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Phineas Gage was a construction worker about a hundred years ago.

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Due to an explosion, a metal pipe went through his head like so.

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Miraculously, he was not

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In fact, his friends, it went through his head when it ended up a hundred feet away, covered with brains and blood.

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And Phineas Gage sat down and went, oh.

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And then on the way to the hospital they stopped by a pub, have some cider.

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He was not blind, he was not deaf, he was not retarded, but something else happened to him.

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He lost his sense of right and wrong.

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He lost his control.

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He used to be a hard -working family man.

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After the accident, he lost all of that.

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He couldn't hold a job, he couldn't stay faithful to his wife, he couldn't speak for five minutes without cursing,

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he got into fights, he got into brawls, he got drunk.

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He lost his control.

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He ended up on a circus sideshow traveling through the country with the big steel pipe that went through his head.

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And this is, again, an extraordinary example of how the brain can give rise to the mind

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and how things that go wrong with the brain can affect you in a serious way.

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We'll discuss cases of multiple personality disorder where people have more than one personality

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and also discuss the There's a debate over whether such cases are true or not, whether they could be taken as a real phenomena

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or a made up phenomena which is there's a matter of a lot of controversy.

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And then we'll even discuss some rarer cases like Capgras syndrome.

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Capgras syndrome is typically is There's hundreds of cases, not many, hundreds of cases.

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It's typically the result of some sort of stroke.

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And what happens to you is very specific.

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You develop a particular delusion, like it's getting dark.

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And the delusion is that the people you love the most have been replaced.

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They've been replaced by aliens or for robots, thank you, by Martians, by CIA agents,

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by trained actors and actresses,

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but the people, but the idea is the people you care for the most you believe are gone.

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And this could lead to tragic consequences.

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Capgras Syndrome is associated with a very high level of violence.

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One man in Australia a couple of years ago was under the the delusion

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that his father was replaced with a robot and cut off his head.

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A related disorder involving the very same parts of the brain is called Cotard's Syndrome.

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And Cotard's Syndrome is you believe that you're dead.

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You believe that you're dead.

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You are persuaded that you're dead.

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You're walking around.

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You know you're walking around.

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You know that there are people around.

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But you think that you're dead.

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And what's striking about these is it's not, these are not just sort of big screwy problems of messed up people.

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Rather, they're located, they're related at a pinpoint level to certain parts of your brain.

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And we're going to talk about the best modern theories as to why these syndromes occur.

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Now, the reason to be interested in them, again, is not because they're frequent.

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They aren't.

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And it's not because of some some sort of gruesome, morbid curiosity.

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Rather, by looking at extreme cases they can help us best understand normal life.

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Often by looking at extremes it throws into sharp contrast things we naturally take for granted.

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The issue of psychopathy, of people who either do the brain damage or because they're born that way have no moral understanding,

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can help us cope with questions of free will and responsibility, of the relationship or difference between mental illness and evil.

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Multiple personality cases force us to address the question of what is a self?

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To what extent are all of us composed of multiple people?

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And to what extent are we a single unified person over time?

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Cases like cop grass are important because they tell us about how we see the world.

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They tell us, that there's a difference between recognizing something, in a sense that you could name it, and knowing what it is.

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And so, by studying these abnormal cases we can get some insight into regular life.

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So, that's the end of the illustration of the example topics.

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The syllabus lists many more.

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I'll end by telling you that

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there's a lot of stuff that we'll be talking about

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that I that I want to talk about that I am not expert in.

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And fortunately there is a community at Yale of the best scholars

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and teachers on the planet and

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so it would be a shame for me not to use them to cover some of these issues.

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And so I'm going to include four guest lecturers.

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The first one is Dr. Marvin Chun who is, teaches the Introduction Psychology course in the fall at all and as my competition.

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And he's going to give an amazing lecture on cognitive neuroscience, especially the cognitive neuroscience of faces.

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Dr. Susan Nolan -Huxama is the world's authority on depression

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and in particular on sex differences in depression and she's going to talk about this towards the end of the So,

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of course, Kelly Brownell is going to talk… is the head of the Rudd Center,

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focuses on obesity, eating disorders, dieting, and he'll talk about the psychology of food.

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And finally, Dr. Peter Salovey,

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dean of Yale College, is going to come to us on Valentine's Day

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and tell us that's everything he knows about the mysteries of love.

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All of these details are in the syllabus and I'll stick around and answer questions.

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Hope to see you next week.

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คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
disorder คำนาม	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	ความผิดปรกติ, ความผิดปกติ
psychology คำนาม	/saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	จิตวิทยา
extent คำนาม	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	ขอบข่าย, ขนาด
lecture คำนาม	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	การบรรยาย, เล็กเชอร์
topic คำนาม	/ˈtɑpɪk/	หัวข้อ, กระทู้
syndrome คำนาม	/ˈsɪndɹoʊm/	กลุ่มอาการ
illness คำนาม	/ˈɪl.nəs/	โรค, โรคา
introduce คำกริยา	/ˌɪntɹəˈdus/	แนะนำ
behave คำกริยา	/bɪˈheɪv/	ประพฤติ, ทำตัว
textbook คำนาม	/ˈtɛkst.bʊk/	ตำราเรียน, ตำรา
anxiety คำนาม	/æŋˈzaɪ.əti/	ความวิตกกังวล
explanation คำนาม	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	การอธิบาย
connect คำกริยา	/kəˈnɛkt/	เชื่อม, ต่อ
experiment คำนาม	/ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/	การทดลอง
gene คำนาม	/d͡ʒiːn/	หน่วยพันธุกรรม

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
sit down คำกริยา	นั่ง

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:

To what extent is your fate sealed?
Is it true for your personality?
Is it true for your interests?
Is it true for your intelligence?
What's the explanation for why we're different?

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	be revised · being filmed · will be accessed
Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ	course, which will · anybody who wants · format which will
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	has evolved · It's been · have come

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 72 ครั้ง เช่น we'll, don't, I'm ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: faithful /ˈfeɪθ.fl̩/, theology /θiˈɒ.lə.d͡ʒi/, anthropology /ˌænθɹəˈpɑləd͡ʒi/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, sharp /ʃɑɹp/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, developmental /dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛntəl/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/

เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:

เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: illness /ˈɪl.nəs/, introduce /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, developmental /dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛntəl/
/v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/, developmental /dɪˌvɛləpˈmɛntəl/, everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/, controversy /kənˈtɹɒv.ə.si/
/z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: exam /ɪɡˈzæm/, anxiety /æŋˈzaɪ.əti/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/, racism /ˈɹeɪsɪzm̩/, reasonably /ˈɹiː.zən.ə.bli/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง disorder, psychology, extent เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: 1. Introduction

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คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?