跟讀練習: How Tire Rolling Resistance Affects Cycling Speed ? - 通過影片學習英語口語
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What is rolling resistance and why should you think about it on the bike?
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Rolling resistance is, quite simply, the energy that is lost as a tyre rolls along a surface.
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The energy is mostly lost because of the constant deformation of that tyre against the surface.
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Now, whilst paying attention to rolling resistance is important, it's not actually the biggest resistance factor when it comes to cycling fast.
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Air resistance rises in a squared ratio with increased speed.
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At a speed of 20 kilometers an hour on a level ground, air resistance has already become the main resistance force.
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And the faster you go, the more air resistance increases exponentially.
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So before even thinking about rolling resistance, get aero.
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Acceleration energy is also expended, for instance, the weight of the wheels is of great importance when this mass has to be brought up to rotation.
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Then when riding uphill, the main resistance force to be overcome is the gradient resistance.
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This is basically the additional resistance added by fighting gravity.
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And in addition to these, there are other friction resistances in the chain, the bottom bracket, and other rotating parts.
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Now, in a well-serviced bicycle, these represent a very minor part of the total resistance.
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So, should you just ignore rolling resistance then?
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Well, no. Because improving your rolling resistance may be the cheapest
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and easiest upgrade you can make to your bike to go faster.
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You can improve all the others by getting aero, by getting a good bike fit and spending the time getting used to it, by getting aerodynamic and light frame,
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by getting some aerodynamic race wheels, and even by upgrading the bearings to maybe ceramic bearings.
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But you can get big gains simply by upgrading your tires and improving your rolling resistance.
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And of course, pumping those tires to the right pressure.
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It's pretty simple.
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A tire with a higher rolling resistance will require more power
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to attain the same speed than a tire with a lower rolling resistance, will require less power.
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So what factors affect the tyres rolling resistance?
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Tyre pressure.
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On a completely smooth surface the following applies.
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The higher the inflation pressure the less the tyre deforms and thus the lower the rolling resistance.
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However on an imperfect surface which we are always riding on lower inflation pressures cause the opposite, lower rolling resistance.
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Imperfections in the road on a very hard tyre will cause bouncing and skipping and increased resistance, not to mention the toll that takes on the rider in terms of fatigue.
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Whereas a tyre with low inflation pressure can adapt better to the rugged surface.
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It sinks into the ground less and absorbs imperfections rather than pushing against them and bouncing off them.
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And so with a softer tyre the whole rotational mass is held back much less on the uneven surface.
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Tire width.
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At the same tyre pressure on a smooth surface a wider tyre will have lower rolling resistance than a narrower tyre.
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This is essentially because a wider tyre with the same pressure actually has an effect of higher pressure
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because a wider tyre with a higher air volume will have a higher casing tension.
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Basically the wider tyre will be harder because it needs more air to fill it and the contact patch, the bit of the tire touching the road, will be smaller and wider, decreasing the rolling resistance.
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But again this only holds true on a smooth surface.
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On an imperfect surface with the pressure corrected for the width to get the tire to the right hardness, the contact patch on the road for a wider tire will be shorter and wider than a narrow tire,
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decreasing the rolling resistance.
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Importantly the wider the tyre will have more versatility and the range of pressures you can actually use, allowing you to more easily correct for the roughness of the surface.
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Tyre construction.
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Obviously the tyre construction has an effect on rolling resistance.
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By using less material, less material can and will be deformed.
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And the more flexible the material is, such as the rubber compound, the less energy is lost through deformation.
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Generally, smoother treads have a lower rolling resistance than rougher treads
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and that is why almost all road
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and triathlon racing tires have very smooth tread patterns
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if any tread pattern at all interestingly actually in racing tires for the road the tread pattern
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that is there is actually not there for grip
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or water dispersion it's mostly there for aerodynamics
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because the tread pattern actually trips the laminar flow as
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that of that air that's hitting the tire to improve the aerodynamics So,
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should you consult a website like BicycleRollingResistance.com where they list all the tested rolling resistance of all tyres
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and simply choose the one from the top of the list?
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Well, yes and no. Yes, the tires on the top of that list will be the fastest.
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However, they're always compromises.
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Some of them may sacrifice durability for that extra speed and be more prone to punctures.
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Some of them may have a different compound that sacrifices comfort
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and grip and road feel and some may simply not work well with your wheel and bike setup.
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It's also worth pointing out that the difference between the top of
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that list of racing tires and the middle of
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that list of racing tires is about a two to three watt saving
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which is an almost imperceptible difference for most mere mortals.
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They will however have a significant difference in those racing tires over your standard training tires.
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So the answer is that the best tire for you depends on many factors
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but it is worth considering investing the $100 to $200 in a good pair of racing tyres.
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It may just be the cheapest watts you buy this season.
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One more thing before we go, you may be asking which is faster rolling resistance-wise, tubeless or clincher?
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Well, the speed of a tyre actually depends on its construction and not whether it's set up clincher or tubeless.
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So, a slow tubeless tyre will actually be slower than a fast clincher tyre.
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However, generally speaking, setup does have better rolling resistance than a tube setup.
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However, if you put a latex tube in a clincher, the rolling resistance is actually the same as tubeless.
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I hope you've enjoyed this video.
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Happy riding!
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這段影片共有 75 個句子、1065 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 5:59。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 178 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 76% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| tyre 名詞 | /taɪə(ɹ)/ | 輪胎 /輪胎, 車胎 /車胎 |
| tire 動詞 | /ˈtaɪ̯ɚ/ | 勞累 /勞累, 累 |
| smooth 形容詞 | /smuːð/ | 平穩 /平穩, 順利 /順利 |
| inflation 名詞 | /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/ | 通貨膨脹 /通貨膨脹, 通脹 /通脹 |
| narrow 形容詞 | /ˈnæɹəʊ/ | 窄 |
| tube 名詞 | /tuːb/ | 筒 |
| sacrifice 名詞 | /ˈsæk.ɹɪ.faɪs/ | 犧牲 /犧牲 |
| bearing 名詞 | /ˈbɛɹɪŋ/ | 軸承 /軸承 |
| depend 動詞 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 信任, 信賴 /信賴 |
| compound 名詞 | /ˈkɑmpaʊnd/ | 化合物 |
| decrease 動詞 | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | 減少 /減少, 下降 |
| grip 名詞 | /ˈɡɹɪp/ | 柄 |
| width 名詞 | /ˈwɪtθ/ | 寬度 /寬度 |
| watt 名詞 | /wɑt/ | 瓦特 |
| ignore 動詞 | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | 無視 /無視, 忽略 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| point out 動詞 | 指, 指出 |
需要注意的發音
- “th” 音: smooth /smuːð/, width /ˈwɪtθ/, triathlon /tɹaɪˈæθˌlɑn/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, tension /ˈtɛnʃən/, rotation /ɹoʊˈteɪʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, importantly /ɪmˈpɔɹ.tənt.li/, acceleration /əkˌsɛl.əˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, aerodynamic /ˌɛəɹəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk/, deformation /ˌdɛfəˈmeɪʃən/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 tyre, tire, smooth 這類單詞。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is lost · is also expended · be overcome |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has already become · you've enjoyed |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。