跟讀練習: PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds - 通過影片學習英語口語

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PostgreSQL, the most trusted name in open -source relational databases.

Its development dates all the way back to 1986 at UC Berkeley, under the direction of Michael Stonebraker.

Like other pure relational databases, it stores data in tables, columns, and rows, and uses structured query language to read and write data.

However, PostgreSQL is technically an object relational database, which means it can create its own custom data types to store objects with properties

and support advanced features like inheritance and polymorphism.

When writing data, it runs fully ACID -compliant transactions, but also adds its own special sauce called multi -version concurrency control,

which gives each transaction a snapshot of the database, allowing multiple transactions to run at the same time without traffic jams or locks.

Developers also love its extensibility.

Queries can be reused by writing stored procedures, and it even supports languages beyond SQL like Python and C.

And it has a robust ecosystem of extensions, like PostGIS to provide geospatial data for apps like Uber, or Citus to shard and distribute the database to any scale,

or PG embedding to give AI chatbots long -term memory, and the list goes on.

To get started, you can download and install it locally, or better yet, use a free cloud database like Neon, which provides autoscaling out of the box and a nice UI to manage your data,

in addition to a bunch of other advanced features like branching.

Create a new database, then head over to the SQL editor to run your first query, or connect it to your IDE with an extension like SQL tools we could get started by creating a new table.

But because this is an object -relational database, let's begin by creating a custom data type, which defines the structure of an object with corresponding properties and types.

What's awesome about Postgres, though, is that we have more exotic data modeling options, like arrays can be used by putting brackets in front of a type,

then make it a two -dimensional array by adding another set of brackets.

We also have JSON data types to handle unstructured data, and even key value pairs with extensions like hstore.

Now that we have this custom type, we can use it within one or more tables, like one table for programmers and another for designers.

Once the table is created, we can then use an insert statement to add a row of data into it.

Notice the use of a double colon to cast a string into JSON or H store types.

And now finally, we can read the data with a select statement

that uses dot notation to access the properties on our custom object.

Every table has a unique primary key, and we can create relationships by storing the primary key from one table as the foreign key on another, like a programmer might own many Lambos.

We can then find those Lambos by doing a join query that compares the programmer's ID to the Lambo's owner ID.

This has been PostgreSQL in 100 seconds.

Big shout out to NeonDB for sponsoring and making this awesome database free to use in the cloud.

Thanks for watching, and I will see you in the next one.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：database, table, type, object, relational。這段影片共有 28 個句子、539 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 2:36。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 207 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。只有 75% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
database 名詞	/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/	資料庫 /資料庫
custom 名詞	/ˈkʌstəm/	習慣 /習慣, 習俗 /習俗
query 名詞	/ˈkwɪɹ.i/	問題 /問題, 質問 /質問
transaction 名詞	/tɹænˈzækʃən/	處理 /處理
cloud 名詞	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	йүн, 雲 /雲
bracket 名詞	/ˈbɹækɪt/	支架, 托架
programmer 名詞	/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/	程式設計師 /程式設計師, 程式員 /程式員
compare 動詞	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	比, 比較 /比較
select 動詞	/sɪˈlɛkt/	選 /選, 挑選 /挑選
procedure 名詞	/pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/	做法, 方法
designer 名詞	/dɪˈzaɪnɚ/	設計師 /設計師, 設計家 /設計家
string 名詞	/stɹɪŋ/	線 /線
connect 動詞	/kəˈnɛkt/	連線 /連線
define 動詞	/dɪˈfaɪn/	界定
jam 名詞	/ˈd͡ʒæm/	果醬 /果醬

需要注意的發音

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, shout /ʃaʊt/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, notation /noʊˈteɪʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: database /ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/, cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/, select /sɪˈlɛkt/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/
/æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/, programmer /ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/, jam /ˈd͡ʒæm/, chatbot /ˈtʃætbɑt/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 database, custom, query 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

影片中的重點詞彙

需要注意的發音

如何用這段影片練習

什麼是跟讀法？