Shadowing Practice: PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds - Learn English Speaking with Video

PostgreSQL, the most trusted name in open -source relational databases.

Its development dates all the way back to 1986 at UC Berkeley, under the direction of Michael Stonebraker.

Like other pure relational databases, it stores data in tables, columns, and rows, and uses structured query language to read and write data.

However, PostgreSQL is technically an object relational database, which means it can create its own custom data types to store objects with properties

and support advanced features like inheritance and polymorphism.

When writing data, it runs fully ACID -compliant transactions, but also adds its own special sauce called multi -version concurrency control,

which gives each transaction a snapshot of the database, allowing multiple transactions to run at the same time without traffic jams or locks.

Developers also love its extensibility.

Queries can be reused by writing stored procedures, and it even supports languages beyond SQL like Python and C.

And it has a robust ecosystem of extensions, like PostGIS to provide geospatial data for apps like Uber, or Citus to shard and distribute the database to any scale,

or PG embedding to give AI chatbots long -term memory, and the list goes on.

To get started, you can download and install it locally, or better yet, use a free cloud database like Neon, which provides autoscaling out of the box and a nice UI to manage your data,

in addition to a bunch of other advanced features like branching.

Create a new database, then head over to the SQL editor to run your first query, or connect it to your IDE with an extension like SQL tools we could get started by creating a new table.

But because this is an object -relational database, let's begin by creating a custom data type, which defines the structure of an object with corresponding properties and types.

What's awesome about Postgres, though, is that we have more exotic data modeling options, like arrays can be used by putting brackets in front of a type,

then make it a two -dimensional array by adding another set of brackets.

We also have JSON data types to handle unstructured data, and even key value pairs with extensions like hstore.

Now that we have this custom type, we can use it within one or more tables, like one table for programmers and another for designers.

Once the table is created, we can then use an insert statement to add a row of data into it.

Notice the use of a double colon to cast a string into JSON or H store types.

And now finally, we can read the data with a select statement

that uses dot notation to access the properties on our custom object.

Every table has a unique primary key, and we can create relationships by storing the primary key from one table as the foreign key on another, like a programmer might own many Lambos.

We can then find those Lambos by doing a join query that compares the programmer's ID to the Lambo's owner ID.

This has been PostgreSQL in 100 seconds.

Big shout out to NeonDB for sponsoring and making this awesome database free to use in the cloud.

Thanks for watching, and I will see you in the next one.

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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

This speaking lesson is built on the video “PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: database, table, type, object, relational. This video has 28 sentences and 539 words to shadow. The speech runs for 2:36. The speaker talks fast, about 207 words per minute, so expect linked and reduced sounds. Only 75% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.

Key vocabulary in this video

15 words from the video worth learning, with pronunciation and meaning:

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
database noun	/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/	A collection of (usually) organized information in a regular structure, usually but not necessarily in a machine-readable format accessible by a computer.
custom noun	/ˈkʌstəm/	Frequent repetition of the same behavior; way of behavior common to many; ordinary manner; habitual practice; method of doing, living or behaving.
query noun	/ˈkwɪɹ.i/	A question, an inquiry (US), an enquiry (UK).
extension noun	/ɪkˈstɛnʃən/	The act of extending; a stretching out; enlargement in length, breadth, or time; an increase.
transaction noun	/tɹænˈzækʃən/	The act of conducting or carrying out (business, negotiations, plans).
cloud noun	/ˈklaʊ̯d/	A visible mass of water droplets suspended in the air.
array noun	/əˈɹeɪ/	Clothing and ornamentation; raiment.
bracket noun	/ˈbɹækɪt/	A fixture attached to a wall to hold up a shelf.
programmer noun	/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɚ/	One who writes computer programs.
compare verb	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
select verb	/sɪˈlɛkt/	To choose one or more elements of a set, especially a set of options.
procedure noun	/pɹəˈsiː.d͡ʒə/	A particular method for performing a task.
designer noun	/dɪˈzaɪnɚ/	A person who designs something, or who designs things as a profession.
string noun	/stɹɪŋ/	A long, thin and flexible structure made from threads twisted together.
connect verb	/kəˈnɛkt/	To join (to another object): to attach, or to be intended to attach or capable of attaching, to another object.

Pronunciation to watch

The “sh” and “zh” sounds: extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, transaction /tɹænˈzækʃən/, shout /ʃaʊt/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, notation /noʊˈteɪʃən/
Long words — get the stress right: developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, technically /ˈtɛk.nɪˌkəl.i/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, inheritance /ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/

How to practise with this video

Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like database, custom, query.

What is the Shadowing Technique?

Shadowing is a science-backed language learning technique originally developed for professional interpreter training and popularized by polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. The method is simple but powerful: you listen to native English audio and immediately repeat it out loud — like a shadow following the speaker with just a 1–2 second delay. Unlike passive listening or grammar drills, shadowing forces your brain and mouth muscles to simultaneously process and reproduce real speech patterns. Research shows it significantly improves pronunciation accuracy, intonation, rhythm, connected speech, listening comprehension, and speaking fluency — making it one of the most effective methods for IELTS Speaking preparation and real-world English communication.

Shadowing technique: read the full step-by-step guide →

Shadowing Practice: PostgreSQL in 100 Seconds - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson

Key vocabulary in this video

Pronunciation to watch

How to practise with this video

What is the Shadowing Technique?