跟讀練習: Where Does Stormwater Go? - 通過影片學習英語口語
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141 句
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Cities, those dense congregations of people and buildings, have made possible economies and lifestyles our early ancestors could never have imagined.
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Whether you thrive in or despise the concrete jungle, there is no denying its benefits.
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Putting all the people, houses, jobs, stores, offices, and diversions in one place gives us humans opportunities
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that wouldn't be possible if we all lived agrarian lifestyles spread out across the countryside.
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But there are some negative consequences that come from cramming so much into such a small area.
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At no time is this more clear than when it rains.
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Managing the flow of runoff through a city is an immensely complex challenge that affects us in so many ways, from public safety to property rights,
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from the environment to the health and welfare of citizens.
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Hey, I'm Grady, and this is Practical Engineering.
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On today's episode, we're talking about urban stormwater management.
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This video is sponsored by CuriosityStream and Nebula.
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Get 26 % off at the link in the description.
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More on that later.
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The water cycle is one of the most basic science lessons we learn.
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So basic in fact that it's easy to forget how relevant and important it is to our lives.
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Take a look out your window when it's raining, even when it's raining hard, and it doesn't seem that significant.
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Some of the rain soaks into the ground, some gets taken up by plants, some gets caught in puddles,
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and some runs off downhill, usually into the street.
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One of the biggest challenges in a city is the proportions of all these different paths that water can take.
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All those streets, sidewalks, buildings, and parking lots cover the ground with impervious surfaces, which means that instead of water infiltrating,
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it runs off toward creeks and rivers, swelling them faster and higher and filling them with more pollution.
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One of the biggest impacts on the environment of building anything is its effect on how water moves above
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and below the ground during storms.
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Multiply that to the scale of a city and you can see how remarkably we modify our landscape.
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Instead of acting like a sponge to absorb rainwater as it falls, urban watersheds act like funnels.
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gathering and concentrating rainwater runoff.
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In this video, I want to walk you through some of the infrastructure cities use to manage this massive challenge
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and a few new ideas in stormwater management that are slowly taking hold in urban areas.
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Like most of the biggest challenges of building and maintaining a civilization,
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the negative impacts from adding impervious cover don't befall the property owner doing the adding, but rather the people downstream.
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Just like dumping pollution into the river carries it away to the next guy, it's easy to make bad drainage decisions into someone else's problem.
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That's why most large cities have rules about how to manage runoff and flooding when new buildings or neighborhoods get built.
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Drainage reviews are just a normal part of the process of obtaining a building permit these days.
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If you live in a major city, just do a search for your local drainage manual to see the kinds of things that are required.
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Increased runoff has been a problem since people started living in cities in the first place,
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and the first way we handled it was simply to get the water out and away as quickly as possible.
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That's because runoff creates flooding, and flooding causes billions of dollars of property damage and many lives each year.
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This solution is in the name we still use for how cities manage storms.
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Drainage.
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When it rains or when it pours, we try to give that runoff somewhere to go.
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Most cities are organized so the streets serve as the first path of flow for rainfall.
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Individual lots are graded with a slope toward the street so
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that water flows away from buildings where it would otherwise cause problems.
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The standard city street has a crown in the center with gutters on either side for water to flow.
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This keeps the road mainly dry and safe for vehicle travel, while providing a channel to convey runoff.
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But the streets aren't the end of the line.
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Eventually, the road will reach a natural low point and start back uphill,
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or will have collected so much runoff that it can't hold it all in the gutter.
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At this point, the water needs a dedicated system to carry it away.
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In the past, it was common to simply put all the runoff from the streets directly into the sewage system.
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It's a well -developed network of pipes flowing by gravity out of the city.
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Why not use it for stormwater too?
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Well, there's actually a really good reason not to do that.
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At the end of each sanitary sewer system is a wastewater treatment plant
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that was almost certainly not designed to process a massive influx of combined sewage
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and stormwater runoff at the whims of Mother Nature.
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In the worst cases, these plants have to release untreated wastewater directly into waterways
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when it's too much to be stored or processed.
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That's why most cities now use municipal separate storm sewer systems, usually abbreviated as MS4s.
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These are networks of ditches, curbs, gutters, sewer pipes,
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and outfalls solely dedicated to moving runoff from everywhere in the city to the natural waterways that eventually carry it away.
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These inlets aren't just places for clowns to hang out.
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They usually represent a direct path between the street and the nearest creek or river.
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Just to be clear, there's not usually any type of treatment happening along the way.
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These sewers are not for waste.
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Whatever you put in the storm sewer system goes directly into a waterway, so please don't dump stuff in there.
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It's easy to see why cities try
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so hard to get stormwater out as fast as possible if you look at the floodplain.
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This is just the area most likely to be inundated during a major flood.
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Land is one of the most valuable things within a city, but its value goes way down if it's exposed to flood risk.
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No one wants to build something on land that could be flooded.
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That being said, humans are notoriously bad at assessing risk, and no matter where you look, you're likely to find development near creeks and rivers.
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Getting the water out quickly reduces the depth of flooding and thus shrinks the floodplain.
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That's a big reason why you see natural waterways in cities enlarged, straightened, and lined with concrete.
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You can see in my demo, for the same amount of flow,
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the channel with lots of vegetation moves water more slowly and thus at a higher depth.
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The channel with smooth sides gets the water moving faster and thus reduces the depth of flooding.
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But channelization isn't all it's cut out to be.
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It's ugly for one.
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No one wants a big, dirty concrete channel as part of their surroundings.
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But channelization also worsens flooding downstream for the next guy and degrades the habitat of the original waterway.
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It didn't take long for cities to realize you can't just keep widening
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and lining channels to keep up with the increased runoff from more and more development.
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That's why most cities now require developers to take responsibility for their own increase in runoff.
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By and large, that means on -site storage for stormwater.
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Retention and detention ponds act like mini -sponges, absorbing all the rain that rushes off buildings,
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streets, and parking lots, and releasing it slowly back into waterways.
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This shaves off the peak of the runoff with the goal of reducing it back down to
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or less than it was before all those buildings and parking lots got built.
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They also help reduce pollution by slowing down the water so suspended particles can settle out.
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On -site storage is a pretty effective solution and one you'll see everywhere if you're paying attention, but it still treats stormwater as a waste product,
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something to be gotten rid of.
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The reality is that rain is a resource, and natural watersheds do a lot more than just getting rid of it.
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They serve as habitat for wildlife, they naturally clean runoff with vegetation, they divert rain into the ground to recharge aquifers,
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and they reduce flooding by by slowing down the water at the source rather than letting it quickly wash away and concentrate.
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That's why many cities are moving toward ways to replicate and recreate natural watershed functions within developed areas.
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In the US, this is called low -impact development, and it includes strategies like rain gardens,
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vegetated rooftops, rain barrels, and other ways to bring more harmony between the built environment and its original hydrologic and ecological functions.
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It can also include better management of the floodplain by using it for purposes less vulnerable to flooding, like parks and trails.
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One low -impact strategy is permeable pavement, and I have a video just on that topic if you want to check it out after this one.
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One thing I have to mention when talking about flooding is vehicle crossings.
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Any location where a waterway and a road cross paths, whether it's a bridge, a culvert, or a low water crossing,
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there's always a chance of flooding getting so bad that it overtops the road.
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If you ever see water over the top of a roadway, just turn around.
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Half of all flood -related deaths happen when someone tries to drive a car or truck through water over a road.
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If you can't see the road, you have no idea how deep the water is.
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And even if you can, it only takes a small amount of swift water to push a vehicle down into a river or creek.
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Water is heavy.
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Even when it's flowing slowly, floodwaters can impart a massive force on a vehicle.
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Even if it didn't, most cars will float once the water reaches the floorboard anyway.
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Some cities have warning systems to help block roads when they're overtopped by floods, but it's not something you should count on.
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It just isn't worth the risk.
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Find another way.
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As they say, turn around, don't drown.
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Just like cities represent a colossal alteration of the landscape and thus the natural water cycle,
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we're also going through a colossal shift in how we think about rainfall
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and stormwater and how we value the processes of natural watersheds.
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Look carefully as you travel through your city
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and you'll notice all the different pieces and parts of infrastructure that help manage water during storm events.
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You'll see plenty of ways to get water out and away from building and streets, But you hopefully also notice elements of low -impact design,
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ways of harnessing and benefiting from stormwater on -site.
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treating it like the resource that it truly is.
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If you're here at the end of the video,
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then I have to assume that you spend your valuable free time learning new things about the world.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“Where Does Stormwater Go?”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：runoff, cities, flooding, stormwater, rain。 這段影片共有 28 個句子、2096 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 11:32。 說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 182 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。 只有 81% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| flood 名詞 | /flʌd/ | 洪水, 洪災 /洪災 |
| runoff 名詞 | 徑流 /逕流 | |
| sewer 名詞 | /ˈsuɚ/ | 下水道, 滲溝 /滲溝 |
| creek 名詞 | /ˈkɹiːk/ | 小灣 /小灣, 小灣 |
| drainage 名詞 | /ˈdɹeɪnəd͡ʒ/ | 排水 |
| watershed 名詞 | /ˈwɔtɚʃɛd/ | 分水嶺 /分水嶺 |
| concrete 形容詞 | /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/ | 切實的 /切實的, 具體的 /具體的 |
| creator 名詞 | /kɹiːˈeɪ̯təː/ | 造物主 |
| pollution 名詞 | /pəˈluʃən/ | 汙染 |
| infrastructure 名詞 | /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/ | 基礎設施 /基礎設施 |
| resource 名詞 | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | 資源 /資源 |
| landscape 名詞 | /ˈlan(d)skeɪp/ | 風景 /風景, 景色 |
| documentary 名詞 | /ˌdɒk.jʊˈmɛn.tɹi/ | 紀錄片 /紀錄片, 記錄片 /記錄片 |
| lifestyle 名詞 | /ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl/ | 生活方式, 生態 /生態 |
| pipe 名詞 | /ˈpaɪp/ | 笛子, 管子 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 釋義 |
|---|---|
| slow down 動詞 | 減速 /減速, 放慢 |
| turn around 動詞 | 轉身 /轉身 |
| go through 動詞 | 通過 /通過 |
| look out 動詞 | 當心, 小心 |
| take off 動詞 | 脫 /脫 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 條件句 if + 從句，will/would + 動詞 — 條件及其結果 | if it didn't, most cars will float |
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is sponsored · are required · are organized |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | have made · has been |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | surfaces, which means · ads, which is |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 28 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, can't, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “th” 音: smooth /smuːð/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, thrive /θɹajv/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: watershed /ˈwɔtɚʃɛd/, pollution /pəˈluʃən/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, rush /ɹʌʃ/, fiction /ˈfɪkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: infrastructure /ˈɪnfɹəˌstɹʌkt͡ʃə/, documentary /ˌdɒk.jʊˈmɛn.tɹi/, vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, municipal /mjuˈnɪsɪpəl/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: vegetation /ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/, gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/, vulnerable /ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/, developer /dɪˈvɛləpɚ/, dive /daɪv/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: flood /flʌd/, creek /ˈkɹiːk/, drainage /ˈdɹeɪnəd͡ʒ/, watershed /ˈwɔtɚʃɛd/, concrete /ˌkɑnˈkɹit/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, carefully /ˈkɛɹf(ə)li/, trail /tɹeɪl/, vulnerable /ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/, barrel /ˈbæɹəl/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 flood, runoff, sewer 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。