跟读练习: The Attachment Theory: How Childhood Affects Life - 通过视频学习英语口语
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70 句
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The attachment theory argues that a strong emotional and physical bond to one primary caregiver in our first years of life, is critical to our development.
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If our bonding is strong and we are securely attached, then we feel safe to explore the world.
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We know there is always that safe base, to which we can return to anytime.
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If our bond is weak, we feel insecurely attached.
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We are afraid to leave or explore a rather scary-looking world.
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Because we are not sure if we can return.
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People who are securely attached are said to have greater trust, can connect to others and as a result are more successful in life.
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Insecurely attached people tend to mistrust others, lack social skills and have problems forming relationships.
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There is one type of secure attachment and there are 3 types of insecure attachments: Anxious/Ambivalent Anxious/Avoidant and Anxious/Disorganized.
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In responses to distress, the first 3 react organized, while the last acts disorganized.
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To understand the theory better, let's look at Mr and Ms Smith, who have 4 children.
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Luka, Ann, Joe and Amy.
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The Smiths are lovely parents, who cuddle, make frequent eye contact, speak warmly, and are always there for their kids.
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But one day Mr Smith falls very sick and dies.
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For Mrs Smith life now becomes very difficult.
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She spend all day working, while at the same time trying to care for her children.
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And impossible task.
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At 6 years of age, Luka’s brain is for the most part developed, his character strong and his world view shaped.
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The new situation does not affect him much - he knows there still is always mom - his safe-haven.
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He feels securely attached.
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Later he turns into a trusting and optimistic young man.
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His self image is positive.
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Ann, who is 3, has problems coping with the new lack of attention.
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To Ann, her mother now acts unpredictably.
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She is anxious about their relationship, and as a result becomes clingy.
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To get her mom’s attention, she has to raise her emotional state and scream.
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When her mom finally reacts with a predictable response, she herself acts ambivalent and doesn't show her true feelings.
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Later in life, others think Ann is unpredictable or moody.
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Her self image is less positive.
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Her attachment style Anxious Ambivalent.
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2-year old Joe, spends his days with his uncle, who loves him, but thinks that a good education means being strict.
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If little Joe shows too much emotions or is too loud, his Uncle gets angry and sometimes punitive.
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This scares Joe.
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He learns that to avoid fear, he has to avoid showing his feelings - also in other situations.
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As an adult he continues this strategy and has problems to enter relationships.
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His image of himself is rather negative.
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His attachment is: Anxious Avoidant Amy, who is just one year old, gets sent to a nursery.
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The staff there is poorly trained, overworked and often very stressed.
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Some are outright abusive.
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Amy therefore becomes anxious of the very people she seeks security from - a conflict which totally disorganizes her ideas about love and safety.
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As she is experiencing fear without resolution, she tries to avoid all social situations.
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As an adult she thinks of herself as unworthy of love.
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Her self image is very negative.
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He attachment is anxious disorganized Our attachment is formed in the very first years of our lives, a time when we are too young to communicate our anxiety and as a result can experience high levels of stress.
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Then our adrenal gland - an organ sitting on top of our kidneys - produces the stress-hormones adrenaline and cortisol.
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The heart rate increases, the blood pressure goes up and we become alert.
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If that happens frequently, it is called toxic stress.
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Toxic, because it impairs the development of a child's brain, and weakens the immune system.
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In embryos or at a very young age, toxic stress can even switch the expressions of genes, which can affect our health many decades later.
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By simulating a Strange Situation, we can assess an attachment style, already by the age of one.
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To do this, we let the child play with their mothers for a few minutes inside a room.
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Then the child is left alone.
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The key moment is the child's reaction when her mother returns.
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Securely attached children first usually hug their mother, then can calm down and eventually get back to playing.
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Insecurely attached children can be ambivalent and avoidant.
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Some can't stop crying or refuse to continue playing.
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The long term effects of our attachment in the early years, are well documented.
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Using the theory, researchers at Minnesota University were able to predict already at age 3, if a child would dropout of high school with 77% accuracy.
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In another study, undergraduates at Harvard were asked to assess how close they felt to their parents.
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35 years later they were ask about their health.
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91% of those who said they had a rather broken relationship with their mother, were also diagnosed with health issues, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and alcoholism.
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For those that had reported a warm relationship, the figure of poor health diagnosis was just 45%.
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But there is another reason why the early years deserve special attention.
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They are the starting place for subsequent behaviors.
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A kid that feels securely attached at age 2, can make friends at kindergarten.
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Their worldview gets reinforced with every interaction and they develop optimism.
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As a result they make good relationships at school, then at colleague and later at work.
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Highly insecurely attached children can miss out on this opportunity.
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Psychologist John Bowlby, a pioneer in attachment theory, allegedly said, “What cannot be communicated to the mother, cannot be communicated to the self.” In other words: those who feel insecurely attached, might not quite understand themselves.
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To get to know who they are and what they feel, they might have to go way back in time.
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背景与脉络
在探讨依恋理论时，我们了解到在生命早期的情感与身体依附关系对于个体的发展至关重要。此理论强调，与主要照顾者之间的强烈情感联系，将直接影响个体的自我形象和人际关系。本视频通过生活实例，详细解析了不同依恋风格如何形塑个人未来的生活质量。因此，理解这些概念不仅可以帮助我们更好地认识自己，还能在英语口语练习的过程中，增进人际沟通的技巧。
日常沟通中的五大短语
- securely attached (安全依恋) - 形容与照顾者之间建立了稳固的情感纽带。
- insecurely attached (不安全依恋) - 指依恋关系不稳定，通常导致个体在社交上的困难。
- emotional bond (情感纽带) - 形容人与人之间的深厚情感连接。
- touchpoints (接触点) - 强调儿童与照顾者之间的互动时刻。
- toxic stress (有毒压力) - 形容因不良环境而对儿童发展产生的负面影响。
逐步跟读指南
为了在英语口语练习中掌握这些概念，以下是一个逐步跟读的指导：
- 选择内容：从本视频中提取出适合跟读的短句或段落。
- 分段了解：先通读每一小段，理解其意思，然后再准备逐句跟读。
- 注意发音：使用影子跟读（shadowspeak）的方法，将每一句话重复一遍，模仿音调与节奏。
- 记录练习：将自己的声音录下，听听是否与原视频相符，并调整发音。
- 反复练习：每天安排时间进行影子跟读（英语影子跟读），使其成为日常英语口语练习的一部分。
通过积极采用影子跟读（shadow speak）的技巧，您不仅能够提高英语口语能力，也能够更深入地理解人际关系中的复杂情感，为您未来的人际交流奠定坚实的基础。无论在课堂上或是在任何英语影子跟读（shadowing site）的环境中，这些练习都是宝贵的资源。
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | are said · is formed · is called |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | People who are · genes, which can · those who said |
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。