第 118 课 · 第 10 阶段: 高级结构
倒装
高级Inversion
构成与用法
Never have I…, Had I known… — 助动词放在主语前以示强调
1.形式
把一个否定或限制性的词或短语（never、rarely、only then、not until…）移到句首来强调时，就会发生倒装。句子的其余部分要用疑问句语序：助动词 + 主语 + 主动词。意思不变——只是句子听起来更正式、更有戏剧性。
| 正常语序 | 倒装 |
|---|---|
| I have never tasted coffee this strong. | Never have I tasted coffee this strong. |
| He seldom calls his brother. | Seldom does he call his brother. |
| I didn't realise until later. | Not until later did I realise. |
| The film had hardly begun when my phone rang. | Hardly had the film begun when my phone rang. |
| You must not touch this switch under any circumstances. | Under no circumstances must you touch this switch. |
选择助动词的方法和构成疑问句时完全一样：句中已经有助动词（have、be、can、will、should…）就把它提前；如果是一般现在时 / 一般过去时，就借用 do / does / did，主动词用原形。
只有否定词放在句首时才倒装。放在正常位置时，保持正常语序：I have never seen…，We rarely eat out。另外，当 only / hardly 修饰的是主语时，也不倒装：Only my brother knows the password. Hardly anyone came.
2.否定词和限制性词语之后
1. Never / Rarely / Seldom / At no time / Nowhere / Never again
Seldom have I felt so welcome in a new city.
我很少在一座新城市里感到如此受欢迎。
At no time did anyone tell us the flight was cancelled.
从来没有人告诉我们航班取消了。
Never again will I lend him money.
我再也不会借钱给他了。
Nowhere else can you see so many motorbikes at once.
在别的任何地方，你都看不到一下子有这么多摩托车。
2. Hardly / Scarcely … when 和 No sooner … than——一件事紧接着另一件事发生，通常用 had + V3
Hardly had I closed my eyes when the alarm went off.
我刚闭上眼睛，闹钟就响了。
No sooner had the match started than the rain came down.
比赛刚开始，就下起雨来。（no sooner 与 than 搭配，hardly 与 when 搭配）
3. Only when / Only after / Only if / Only then / Not until——倒装发生在主句中，而不是在 when / after / if / until 引导的从句里
Only when the lights came on did we see the mess.
直到灯亮了，我们才看到一片狼藉。
Not until I moved abroad did I appreciate my mum's cooking.
直到出国以后，我才懂得珍惜妈妈做的饭菜。
Only if you book early will you get a discount.
只有提早预订，你才能享受折扣。
Only then did I realise how lucky I was.
直到那时我才意识到自己有多幸运。
4. Little / Under no circumstances / On no account / Not only
Little did he know that his friends were planning a surprise.
他一点也不知道朋友们正在给他准备惊喜。
On no account should you share your password.
无论如何都不要把你的密码告诉别人。
Not only was the hotel noisy, but it was also dirty.
那家酒店不仅吵，而且还很脏。（见“not only … but also”一课）
3.用倒装代替 if
在正式英语中，可以省略 if，把 had / should / were 放到主语前面。只有这三个词可以这样用。另见“第三条件句”和“第二条件句”两课。
| 类型 | 用 if | 倒装 |
|---|---|---|
| 第三条件句：had | If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train. | Had we left earlier, we would have caught the train. |
| 第二条件句：were | If the shop were closer, I'd go there more often. | Were the shop closer, I'd go there more often. |
| 第一条件句：should | If you have any questions, please contact us. | Should you have any questions, please contact us. |
| 否定 | If it hadn't been for your help, we'd have failed. | Had it not been for your help, we'd have failed. |
它们的语体不同：Should you… 在商务邮件和通知中非常常见；Had I known… 在口语中也可以用；Were I… 相当正式，在对话中显得很书面。
否定时，not 放在主语后面，而且不缩写：Had it not rained… / Were it not for…——不说 “Hadn't it rained…”。
4.日常口语中的倒装
并不是所有倒装都很正式。有些倒装每天都能听到：
I'm starving. — So am I.
我饿死了。——我也是。（见“‘So do I’ / ‘I think so’”一课）
Lan didn't enjoy the film, and neither did her husband.
阿兰不喜欢那部电影，她丈夫也不喜欢。
I can't swim. — Nor can I.
我不会游泳。——我也不会。
Look, here comes the bus!
看，公交车来了！（主动词本身提前，不用 do）
Here / There + 表示移动的动词，主语是代词时不倒装：Here it comes（不说：Here comes it）。
5.语体
| 语体 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 日常口语 | So am I, Neither did I, Nor can I, Here comes the bus |
| 强调，口语中也可以用 | Never again will I…, Not only…, Little did I know…, Had I known… |
| 正式：书面语、新闻、演讲 | Rarely / Seldom…, At no time…, Only when / after…, Not until…, Hardly … when, No sooner … than |
| 通知、商务信函 | Should you…, Under no circumstances…, On no account… |
| 非常正式、文学性 | Were I…, Scarcely had…, So + adjective + was … that… |
在对话中，正常语序（I've never seen anything like it）听起来更自然；聊天时用正式的倒装会显得夸张或像开玩笑。在雅思作文或正式信函中，一两处用得恰当的倒装能让文章更有力——只是不要用得太多。
6.常见错误
Never I will forget your kindness.Never will I forget your kindness.
Never 放在句首 → 助动词倒装。
Rarely we eat out during the week.Rarely do we eat out during the week.
一般现在时借用 do 来倒装。
Only after I paid did I realised the price was wrong.Only after I paid did I realise the price was wrong.
did 后面用动词原形。
Not until I got home I realised I had lost my wallet.Not until I got home did I realise I had lost my wallet.
主句要倒装。
Hadn't it rained, we would have gone to the beach.Had it not rained, we would have gone to the beach.
not 放在主语后面，不缩写。
Hardly had we started eating than the lights went out.Hardly had we started eating when the lights went out.
Hardly … when，no sooner … than。
例句
- Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
- Rarely is the bus on time in the rainy season.
- Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
- Not until I got home did I realise I had lost my wallet.
