第 118 課 · 第 10 階段: 高階結構
倒裝
高階Inversion
構成與用法
Never have I…, Had I known… — 助動詞放在主語前以示強調
1.形式
把一個否定或限制性的詞或短語（never、rarely、only then、not until…）移到句首來強調時，就會發生倒裝。句子的其餘部分要用疑問句語序：助動詞 + 主語 + 主動詞。意思不變——只是句子聽起來更正式、更有戲劇性。
| 正常語序 | 倒裝 |
|---|---|
| I have never tasted coffee this strong. | Never have I tasted coffee this strong. |
| He seldom calls his brother. | Seldom does he call his brother. |
| I didn't realise until later. | Not until later did I realise. |
| The film had hardly begun when my phone rang. | Hardly had the film begun when my phone rang. |
| You must not touch this switch under any circumstances. | Under no circumstances must you touch this switch. |
選擇助動詞的方法和構成疑問句時完全一樣：句中已經有助動詞（have、be、can、will、should…）就把它提前；如果是一般現在時 / 一般過去時，就借用 do / does / did，主動詞用原形。
只有否定詞放在句首時才倒裝。放在正常位置時，保持正常語序：I have never seen…，We rarely eat out。另外，當 only / hardly 修飾的是主語時，也不倒裝：Only my brother knows the password. Hardly anyone came.
2.否定詞和限制性詞語之後
1. Never / Rarely / Seldom / At no time / Nowhere / Never again
Seldom have I felt so welcome in a new city.
我很少在一座新城市裡感到如此受歡迎。
At no time did anyone tell us the flight was cancelled.
從來沒有人告訴我們航班取消了。
Never again will I lend him money.
我再也不會借錢給他了。
Nowhere else can you see so many motorbikes at once.
在別的任何地方，你都看不到一下子有這麼多摩托車。
2. Hardly / Scarcely … when 和 No sooner … than——一件事緊接著另一件事發生，通常用 had + V3
Hardly had I closed my eyes when the alarm went off.
我剛閉上眼睛，鬧鐘就響了。
No sooner had the match started than the rain came down.
比賽剛開始，就下起雨來。（no sooner 與 than 搭配，hardly 與 when 搭配）
3. Only when / Only after / Only if / Only then / Not until——倒裝發生在主句中，而不是在 when / after / if / until 引導的從句裡
Only when the lights came on did we see the mess.
直到燈亮了，我們才看到一片狼藉。
Not until I moved abroad did I appreciate my mum's cooking.
直到出國以後，我才懂得珍惜媽媽做的飯菜。
Only if you book early will you get a discount.
只有提早預訂，你才能享受折扣。
Only then did I realise how lucky I was.
直到那時我才意識到自己有多幸運。
4. Little / Under no circumstances / On no account / Not only
Little did he know that his friends were planning a surprise.
他一點也不知道朋友們正在給他準備驚喜。
On no account should you share your password.
無論如何都不要把你的密碼告訴別人。
Not only was the hotel noisy, but it was also dirty.
那家酒店不僅吵，而且還很髒。（見“not only … but also”一課）
3.用倒裝代替 if
在正式英語中，可以省略 if，把 had / should / were 放到主語前面。只有這三個詞可以這樣用。另見“第三條件句”和“第二條件句”兩課。
| 型別 | 用 if | 倒裝 |
|---|---|---|
| 第三條件句：had | If we had left earlier, we would have caught the train. | Had we left earlier, we would have caught the train. |
| 第二條件句：were | If the shop were closer, I'd go there more often. | Were the shop closer, I'd go there more often. |
| 第一條件句：should | If you have any questions, please contact us. | Should you have any questions, please contact us. |
| 否定 | If it hadn't been for your help, we'd have failed. | Had it not been for your help, we'd have failed. |
它們的語體不同：Should you… 在商務郵件和通知中非常常見；Had I known… 在口語中也可以用；Were I… 相當正式，在對話中顯得很書面。
否定時，not 放在主語後面，而且不縮寫：Had it not rained… / Were it not for…——不說 “Hadn't it rained…”。
4.日常口語中的倒裝
並不是所有倒裝都很正式。有些倒裝每天都能聽到：
I'm starving. — So am I.
我餓死了。——我也是。（見“‘So do I’ / ‘I think so’”一課）
Lan didn't enjoy the film, and neither did her husband.
阿蘭不喜歡那部電影，她丈夫也不喜歡。
I can't swim. — Nor can I.
我不會游泳。——我也不會。
Look, here comes the bus!
看，公交車來了！（主動詞本身提前，不用 do）
Here / There + 表示移動的動詞，主語是代詞時不倒裝：Here it comes（不說：Here comes it）。
5.語體
| 語體 | 句型 |
|---|---|
| 日常口語 | So am I, Neither did I, Nor can I, Here comes the bus |
| 強調，口語中也可以用 | Never again will I…, Not only…, Little did I know…, Had I known… |
| 正式：書面語、新聞、演講 | Rarely / Seldom…, At no time…, Only when / after…, Not until…, Hardly … when, No sooner … than |
| 通知、商務信函 | Should you…, Under no circumstances…, On no account… |
| 非常正式、文學性 | Were I…, Scarcely had…, So + adjective + was … that… |
在對話中，正常語序（I've never seen anything like it）聽起來更自然；聊天時用正式的倒裝會顯得誇張或像開玩笑。在雅思作文或正式信函中，一兩處用得恰當的倒裝能讓文章更有力——只是不要用得太多。
6.常見錯誤
Never I will forget your kindness.Never will I forget your kindness.
Never 放在句首 → 助動詞倒裝。
Rarely we eat out during the week.Rarely do we eat out during the week.
一般現在時借用 do 來倒裝。
Only after I paid did I realised the price was wrong.Only after I paid did I realise the price was wrong.
did 後面用動詞原形。
Not until I got home I realised I had lost my wallet.Not until I got home did I realise I had lost my wallet.
主句要倒裝。
Hadn't it rained, we would have gone to the beach.Had it not rained, we would have gone to the beach.
not 放在主語後面，不縮寫。
Hardly had we started eating than the lights went out.Hardly had we started eating when the lights went out.
Hardly … when，no sooner … than。
例句
- Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset.
- Rarely is the bus on time in the rainy season.
- Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
- Not until I got home did I realise I had lost my wallet.
